Skip to main content
PMC home page
The BMJ logoLink to The BMJ
. 1994 May 21;308(6940):1341–1345. doi: 10.1136/bmj.308.6940.1341

Influenza: diagnosis, management, and prophylaxis.

M Wiselka 1
PMCID: PMC2540274  PMID: 8019225

Abstract

Influenza causes enormous morbidity, death, and economic loss. Annual vaccination is strongly recommended for groups at high risk. Amantadine is effective treatment for and prophylaxis against influenza A during epidemics. New developments include rapid laboratory diagnosis, live attenuated vaccines, and antiviral drugs.

Full text

PDF

Images in this article

1342FIG 1
on p.1342
1343FIG 2
on p.1343

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Barker W. H., Mullooly J. P. Pneumonia and influenza deaths during epidemics: implications for prevention. Arch Intern Med. 1982 Jan;142(1):85–89. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Cartwright K. A., Jones D. M., Smith A. J., Stuart J. M., Kaczmarski E. B., Palmer S. R. Influenza A and meningococcal disease. Lancet. 1991 Aug 31;338(8766):554–557. doi: 10.1016/0140-6736(91)91112-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Chomel J. J., Thouvenot D., Onno M., Kaiser C., Gourreau J. M., Aymard M. Rapid diagnosis of influenza infection of NP antigen using an immunocapture ELISA test. J Virol Methods. 1989 Jul;25(1):81–91. doi: 10.1016/0166-0934(89)90102-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Connolly A. M., Salmon R. L., Lervy B., Williams D. H. What are the complications of influenza and can they be prevented? Experience from the 1989 epidemic of H3N2 influenza A in general practice. BMJ. 1993 May 29;306(6890):1452–1454. doi: 10.1136/bmj.306.6890.1452. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Hoskins T. W., Davies J. R., Smith A. J., Miller C. L., Allchin A. Assessment of inactivated influenza-A vaccine after three outbreaks of influenza A at Christ's Hospital. Lancet. 1979 Jan 6;1(8106):33–35. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(79)90468-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Jones A., Macfarlane J., Pugh S. Antibiotic therapy, clinical features and outcome of 36 adults presenting to hospital with proven influenza: do we follow guidelines? Postgrad Med J. 1991 Nov;67(793):988–990. doi: 10.1136/pgmj.67.793.988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Kubar O. I., Brjantseva E. A., Nikitina L. E., Zlydnikov D. M. The importance of virus drug-resistance in the treatment of influenza with rimantadine. Antiviral Res. 1989 Jun-Jul;11(5-6):313–315. doi: 10.1016/0166-3542(89)90041-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Kurinczuk J. J., Nicholson K. G. Uptake of influenza vaccination by patients with serious cardiac disease. BMJ. 1989 Aug 5;299(6695):367–367. doi: 10.1136/bmj.299.6695.367. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. LOURIA D. B., BLUMENFELD H. L., ELLIS J. T., KILBOURNE E. D., ROGERS D. E. Studies on influenza in the pandemic of 1957-1958. II. Pulmonary complications of influenza. J Clin Invest. 1959 Jan;38(1 Pt 2):213–265. doi: 10.1172/JCI103791. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Margolis K. L., Nichol K. L., Wuorenma J., Von Sternberg T. L. Exporting a successful influenza vaccination program from a teaching hospital to a community outpatient setting. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1992 Oct;40(10):1021–1023. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.1992.tb04480.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Nguyen-Van-Tam J., Nicholson K. Influenza immunisation: policies and practices of general practitioners in England, 1991/92. Health Trends. 1993;25(3):101–105. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Nguyen-van-Tam J. S., Nicholson K. G. Influenza deaths in Leicestershire during the 1989-90 epidemic: implications for prevention. Epidemiol Infect. 1992 Jun;108(3):537–545. doi: 10.1017/s0950268800050032. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Nicholson K. G. Clinical features of influenza. Semin Respir Infect. 1992 Mar;7(1):26–37. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Nicholson K. G. Immunisation against influenza among people aged over 65 living at home in Leicestershire during winter 1991-2. BMJ. 1993 Apr 10;306(6883):974–976. doi: 10.1136/bmj.306.6883.974. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Nicholson K. G. Influenza vaccination and the elderly. BMJ. 1990 Sep 29;301(6753):617–618. doi: 10.1136/bmj.301.6753.617. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Nicholson K. G., Wiselka M. J. Amantadine for influenza A. BMJ. 1991 Feb 23;302(6774):425–426. doi: 10.1136/bmj.302.6774.425. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Nicholson K. G., Wiselka M. J., May A. Influenza vaccination of the elderly: perceptions and policies of general practitioners and outcome of the 1985-86 immunization programme in Trent, UK. Vaccine. 1987 Dec;5(4):302–306. doi: 10.1016/0264-410x(87)90156-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Pachucki C. T. The diagnosis of influenza. Semin Respir Infect. 1992 Mar;7(1):46–53. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Shann F. Modern vaccines. Pneumococcus and influenza. Lancet. 1990 Apr 14;335(8694):898–901. doi: 10.1016/0140-6736(90)90489-r. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Smith A. P., Thomas M., Brockman P., Kent J., Nicholson K. G. Effect of influenza B virus infection on human performance. BMJ. 1993 Mar 20;306(6880):760–761. doi: 10.1136/bmj.306.6880.760. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Treanor J. J., Mattison H. R., Dumyati G., Yinnon A., Erb S., O'Brien D., Dolin R., Betts R. F. Protective efficacy of combined live intranasal and inactivated influenza A virus vaccines in the elderly. Ann Intern Med. 1992 Oct 15;117(8):625–633. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-117-8-625. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Van Voris L. P., Newell P. M. Antivirals for the chemoprophylaxis and treatment of influenza. Semin Respir Infect. 1992 Mar;7(1):61–70. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Webster R. G., Bean W. J., Gorman O. T., Chambers T. M., Kawaoka Y. Evolution and ecology of influenza A viruses. Microbiol Rev. 1992 Mar;56(1):152–179. doi: 10.1128/mr.56.1.152-179.1992. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Wiselka M. J., Kent J., Nicholson K. G., Stern M. Influenza and asthma. Lancet. 1992 Feb 8;339(8789):367–368. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. von Itzstein M., Wu W. Y., Kok G. B., Pegg M. S., Dyason J. C., Jin B., Van Phan T., Smythe M. L., White H. F., Oliver S. W. Rational design of potent sialidase-based inhibitors of influenza virus replication. Nature. 1993 Jun 3;363(6428):418–423. doi: 10.1038/363418a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from BMJ : British Medical Journal are provided here courtesy of BMJ Publishing Group

RESOURCES