Skip to main content
PMC home page
Journal of Virology logoLink to Journal of Virology
. 1985 May;54(2):586–597. doi: 10.1128/jvi.54.2.586-597.1985

Development and analysis of a transformation-defective mutant of Harvey murine sarcoma tk virus and its gene product.

M O Weeks, G L Hager, R Lowe, E M Scolnick
PMCID: PMC254832  PMID: 2985821

Abstract

The Harvey murine sarcoma virus has been cloned and induces focus formation on NIH 3T3 cells. Recombinants of this virus have been constructed which include the thymidine kinase gene of herpes simplex virus type 1 in a downstream linkage with the p21 ras gene of Harvey murine sarcoma virus. Harvey murine sarcoma tk virus rescued from cells transfected with this construct is both thymidine kinase positive and focus inducing in in vitro transmission studies. The hypoxanthine-aminopterin-thymidine selectability of the thymidine kinase gene carried by this virus has been exploited to develop three mutants defective in the p21 ras sequence. All three are focus negative and thymidine kinase positive when transmitted to suitable cells. Of these, only one encodes a p22 that is immunologically related to p21. This mutant has been used to explore the relationship between the known characteristics of p21 and cellular transformation. Data presented herein indicate that the p21 of Harvey murine sarcoma virus consists of at least two domains, one which specifies the guanine nucleotide-binding activity of p21 and the other which is involved in p21-membrane association in transformed cells.

Full text

PDF
586

Images in this article

589Image
on p.589
589Image
on p.589
590Image
on p.590
591Image
on p.591
591Image
on p.591
592Image
on p.592
592Image
on p.592
593Image
on p.593
593Image
on p.593
594Image
on p.594

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Bonner W. M., Laskey R. A. A film detection method for tritium-labelled proteins and nucleic acids in polyacrylamide gels. Eur J Biochem. 1974 Jul 1;46(1):83–88. doi: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1974.tb03599.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Bryant D., Parsons J. T. Site-directed mutagenesis of the src gene of Rous sarcoma virus: construction and characterization of a deletion mutant temperature sensitive for transformation. J Virol. 1982 Nov;44(2):683–691. doi: 10.1128/jvi.44.2.683-691.1982. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Bryant D., Parsons J. T. Site-directed point mutation in the src gene oF rous sarcoma virus results in an inactive src gene product. J Virol. 1983 Mar;45(3):1211–1216. doi: 10.1128/jvi.45.3.1211-1216.1983. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Buss J. E., Sefton B. M. Myristic acid, a rare fatty acid, is the lipid attached to the transforming protein of Rous sarcoma virus and its cellular homolog. J Virol. 1985 Jan;53(1):7–12. doi: 10.1128/jvi.53.1.7-12.1985. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Chang E. H., Ellis R. W., Scolnick E. M., Lowy D. R. Transformation by cloned Harvey murine sarcoma virus DNA: efficiency increased by long terminal repeat DNA. Science. 1980 Dec 12;210(4475):1249–1251. doi: 10.1126/science.6254153. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Chang E. H., Furth M. E., Scolnick E. M., Lowy D. R. Tumorigenic transformation of mammalian cells induced by a normal human gene homologous to the oncogene of Harvey murine sarcoma virus. Nature. 1982 Jun 10;297(5866):479–483. doi: 10.1038/297479a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Chang E. H., Maryak J. M., Wei C. M., Shih T. Y., Shober R., Cheung H. L., Ellis R. W., Hager G. L., Scolnick E. M., Lowy D. R. Functional organization of the Harvey murine sarcoma virus genome. J Virol. 1980 Jul;35(1):76–92. doi: 10.1128/jvi.35.1.76-92.1980. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Cleveland D. W., Fischer S. G., Kirschner M. W., Laemmli U. K. Peptide mapping by limited proteolysis in sodium dodecyl sulfate and analysis by gel electrophoresis. J Biol Chem. 1977 Feb 10;252(3):1102–1106. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Courtneidge S. A., Levinson A. D., Bishop J. M. The protein encoded by the transforming gene of avian sarcoma virus (pp60src) and a homologous protein in normal cells (pp60proto-src) are associated with the plasma membrane. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1980 Jul;77(7):3783–3787. doi: 10.1073/pnas.77.7.3783. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. DeFeo D., Gonda M. A., Young H. A., Chang E. H., Lowy D. R., Scolnick E. M., Ellis R. W. Analysis of two divergent rat genomic clones homologous to the transforming gene of Harvey murine sarcoma virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1981 Jun;78(6):3328–3332. doi: 10.1073/pnas.78.6.3328. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Der C. J., Krontiris T. G., Cooper G. M. Transforming genes of human bladder and lung carcinoma cell lines are homologous to the ras genes of Harvey and Kirsten sarcoma viruses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1982 Jun;79(11):3637–3640. doi: 10.1073/pnas.79.11.3637. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Dhar R., Ellis R. W., Shih T. Y., Oroszlan S., Shapiro B., Maizel J., Lowy D., Scolnick E. Nucleotide sequence of the p21 transforming protein of Harvey murine sarcoma virus. Science. 1982 Sep 3;217(4563):934–936. doi: 10.1126/science.6287572. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Eckhart W., Hutchinson M. A., Hunter T. An activity phosphorylating tyrosine in polyoma T antigen immunoprecipitates. Cell. 1979 Dec;18(4):925–933. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(79)90205-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Fasano O., Birnbaum D., Edlund L., Fogh J., Wigler M. New human transforming genes detected by a tumorigenicity assay. Mol Cell Biol. 1984 Sep;4(9):1695–1705. doi: 10.1128/mcb.4.9.1695. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Fincham V. J., Chiswell D. J., Wyke J. A. Mapping of nonconditional and conditional mutants in the src gene of Prague strain Rous sarcoma virus. Virology. 1982 Jan 15;116(1):72–83. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(82)90404-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Furth M. E., Davis L. J., Fleurdelys B., Scolnick E. M. Monoclonal antibodies to the p21 products of the transforming gene of Harvey murine sarcoma virus and of the cellular ras gene family. J Virol. 1982 Jul;43(1):294–304. doi: 10.1128/jvi.43.1.294-304.1982. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Garber E. A., Krueger J. G., Hanafusa H., Goldberg A. R. Only membrane-associated RSV src proteins have amino-terminally bound lipid. Nature. 1983 Mar 10;302(5904):161–163. doi: 10.1038/302161a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Gruss P., Ellis R. W., Shih T. Y., König M., Scolnick E. M., Khoury G. SV40 recombinant molecules express the gene encoding p21 transforming protein of Harvey murine sarcoma virus. Nature. 1981 Oct 8;293(5832):486–488. doi: 10.1038/293486a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Hager G. L., Chang E. H., Chan H. W., Garon C. F., Israel M. A., Martin M. A., Scolnick E. M., Lowy D. R. Molecular cloning of the Harvey sarcoma virus closed circular DNA intermediates: initial structural and biological characterization. J Virol. 1979 Sep;31(3):795–809. doi: 10.1128/jvi.31.3.795-809.1979. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Hampar B., Derge J. G., Boyd A. L., Tainsky M. A., Showalter S. D. Herpes simplex virus (type 1) thymidine kinase gene does not transform cells morphologically. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1981 Apr;78(4):2616–2619. doi: 10.1073/pnas.78.4.2616. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Henderson L. E., Krutzsch H. C., Oroszlan S. Myristyl amino-terminal acylation of murine retrovirus proteins: an unusual post-translational proteins modification. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1983 Jan;80(2):339–343. doi: 10.1073/pnas.80.2.339. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Jainchill J. L., Aaronson S. A., Todaro G. J. Murine sarcoma and leukemia viruses: assay using clonal lines of contact-inhibited mouse cells. J Virol. 1969 Nov;4(5):549–553. doi: 10.1128/jvi.4.5.549-553.1969. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. LOWRY O. H., ROSEBROUGH N. J., FARR A. L., RANDALL R. J. Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. J Biol Chem. 1951 Nov;193(1):265–275. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Laemmli U. K. Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4. Nature. 1970 Aug 15;227(5259):680–685. doi: 10.1038/227680a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Papageorge A., Lowy D., Scolnick E. M. Comparative biochemical properties of p21 ras molecules coded for by viral and cellular ras genes. J Virol. 1982 Nov;44(2):509–519. doi: 10.1128/jvi.44.2.509-519.1982. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Parada L. F., Tabin C. J., Shih C., Weinberg R. A. Human EJ bladder carcinoma oncogene is homologue of Harvey sarcoma virus ras gene. Nature. 1982 Jun 10;297(5866):474–478. doi: 10.1038/297474a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Reddy E. P., Reynolds R. K., Santos E., Barbacid M. A point mutation is responsible for the acquisition of transforming properties by the T24 human bladder carcinoma oncogene. Nature. 1982 Nov 11;300(5888):149–152. doi: 10.1038/300149a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Rowe W. P., Pugh W. E., Hartley J. W. Plaque assay techniques for murine leukemia viruses. Virology. 1970 Dec;42(4):1136–1139. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(70)90362-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. SZYBALSKA E. H., SZYBALSKI W. Genetics of human cess line. IV. DNA-mediated heritable transformation of a biochemical trait. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1962 Dec 15;48:2026–2034. doi: 10.1073/pnas.48.12.2026. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Santos E., Tronick S. R., Aaronson S. A., Pulciani S., Barbacid M. T24 human bladder carcinoma oncogene is an activated form of the normal human homologue of BALB- and Harvey-MSV transforming genes. Nature. 1982 Jul 22;298(5872):343–347. doi: 10.1038/298343a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Schmidt M. F., Schlesinger M. J. Fatty acid binding to vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein: a new type of post-translational modification of the viral glycoprotein. Cell. 1979 Aug;17(4):813–819. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(79)90321-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Schmidt M. F., Schlesinger M. J. Relation of fatty acid attachment to the translation and maturation of vesicular stomatitis and Sindbis virus membrane glycoproteins. J Biol Chem. 1980 Apr 25;255(8):3334–3339. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Schultz A. M., Oroszlan S. In vivo modification of retroviral gag gene-encoded polyproteins by myristic acid. J Virol. 1983 May;46(2):355–361. doi: 10.1128/jvi.46.2.355-361.1983. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Schultz A., Oroszlan S. Myristylation of gag-onc fusion proteins in mammalian transforming retroviruses. Virology. 1984 Mar;133(2):431–437. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(84)90409-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Schwab M., Alitalo K., Varmus H. E., Bishop J. M., George D. A cellular oncogene (c-Ki-ras) is amplified, overexpressed, and located within karyotypic abnormalities in mouse adrenocortical tumour cells. Nature. 1983 Jun 9;303(5917):497–501. doi: 10.1038/303497a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Scolnick E. M., Papageorge A. G., Shih T. Y. Guanine nucleotide-binding activity as an assay for src protein of rat-derived murine sarcoma viruses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1979 Oct;76(10):5355–5359. doi: 10.1073/pnas.76.10.5355. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Scolnick E. M., Stephenson J. R., Aaronson S. A. Isolation of temperature-sensitive mutants of murine sarcoma virus. J Virol. 1972 Oct;10(4):653–657. doi: 10.1128/jvi.10.4.653-657.1972. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Sefton B. M., Trowbridge I. S., Cooper J. A., Scolnick E. M. The transforming proteins of Rous sarcoma virus, Harvey sarcoma virus and Abelson virus contain tightly bound lipid. Cell. 1982 Dec;31(2 Pt 1):465–474. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(82)90139-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Shih T. Y., Papageorge A. G., Stokes P. E., Weeks M. O., Scolnick E. M. Guanine nucleotide-binding and autophosphorylating activities associated with the p21src protein of Harvey murine sarcoma virus. Nature. 1980 Oct 23;287(5784):686–691. doi: 10.1038/287686a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Shih T. Y., Stokes P. E., Smythers G. W., Dhar R., Oroszlan S. Characterization of the phosphorylation sites and the surrounding amino acid sequences of the p21 transforming proteins coded for by the Harvey and Kirsten strains of murine sarcoma viruses. J Biol Chem. 1982 Oct 10;257(19):11767–11773. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Shih T. Y., Weeks M. O., Gruss P., Dhar R., Oroszlan S., Scolnick E. M. Identification of a precursor in the biosynthesis of the p21 transforming protein of harvey murine sarcoma virus. J Virol. 1982 Apr;42(1):253–261. doi: 10.1128/jvi.42.1.253-261.1982. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Shih T. Y., Weeks M. O., Young H. A., Scholnick E. M. Identification of a sarcoma virus-coded phosphoprotein in nonproducer cells transformed by Kirsten or Harvey murine sarcoma virus. Virology. 1979 Jul 15;96(1):64–79. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(79)90173-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Shih T. Y., Weeks M. O., Young H. A., Scolnick E. M. p21 of Kirsten murine sarcoma virus is thermolabile in a viral mutant temperature sensitive for the maintenance of transformation. J Virol. 1979 Aug;31(2):546–546. doi: 10.1128/jvi.31.2.546-546.1979. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Shimizu K., Goldfarb M., Perucho M., Wigler M. Isolation and preliminary characterization of the transforming gene of a human neuroblastoma cell line. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1983 Jan;80(2):383–387. doi: 10.1073/pnas.80.2.383. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Shimizu K., Goldfarb M., Suard Y., Perucho M., Li Y., Kamata T., Feramisco J., Stavnezer E., Fogh J., Wigler M. H. Three human transforming genes are related to the viral ras oncogenes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1983 Apr;80(8):2112–2116. doi: 10.1073/pnas.80.8.2112. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Spandidos D. A., Agnantis N. J. Human malignant tumours of the breast, as compared to their respective normal tissue, have elevated expression of the Harvey ras oncogene. Anticancer Res. 1984 Jul-Oct;4(4-5):269–272. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Tabin C. J., Bradley S. M., Bargmann C. I., Weinberg R. A., Papageorge A. G., Scolnick E. M., Dhar R., Lowy D. R., Chang E. H. Mechanism of activation of a human oncogene. Nature. 1982 Nov 11;300(5888):143–149. doi: 10.1038/300143a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Taparowsky E., Suard Y., Fasano O., Shimizu K., Goldfarb M., Wigler M. Activation of the T24 bladder carcinoma transforming gene is linked to a single amino acid change. Nature. 1982 Dec 23;300(5894):762–765. doi: 10.1038/300762a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Troxler D. H., Boyars J. K., Parks W. P., Scolnick E. M. Friend strain of spleen focus-forming virus: a recombinant between mouse type C ecotropic viral sequences and sequences related to xenotropic virus. J Virol. 1977 May;22(2):361–372. doi: 10.1128/jvi.22.2.361-372.1977. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Tsuchida N., Ryder T., Ohtsubo E. Nucleotide sequence of the oncogene encoding the p21 transforming protein of Kirsten murine sarcoma virus. Science. 1982 Sep 3;217(4563):937–939. doi: 10.1126/science.6287573. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Wei C. M., Gibson M., Spear P. G., Scolnick E. M. Construction and isolation of a transmissible retrovirus containing the src gene of Harvey murine sarcoma virus and the thymidine kinase gene of herpes simplex virus type 1. J Virol. 1981 Sep;39(3):935–944. doi: 10.1128/jvi.39.3.935-944.1981. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Wierenga R. K., Hol W. G. Predicted nucleotide-binding properties of p21 protein and its cancer-associated variant. Nature. 1983 Apr 28;302(5911):842–844. doi: 10.1038/302842a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Willingham M. C., Pastan I., Shih T. Y., Scolnick E. M. Localization of the src gene product of the Harvey strain of MSV to plasma membrane of transformed cells by electron microscopic immunocytochemistry. Cell. 1980 Apr;19(4):1005–1014. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(80)90091-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Willumsen B. M., Christensen A., Hubbert N. L., Papageorge A. G., Lowy D. R. The p21 ras C-terminus is required for transformation and membrane association. Nature. 1984 Aug 16;310(5978):583–586. doi: 10.1038/310583a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Journal of Virology are provided here courtesy of American Society for Microbiology (ASM)

RESOURCES