Abstract
Chicken syncytial virus, a member of the reticuloendotheliosis virus family, can induce chicken B lymphomas indistinguishable from those caused by avian leukosis virus. Previously, we have demonstrated that the chicken syncytial virus proviruses in these tumors are linked to the proto-oncogene c-myc. We have now determined the arrangement of chicken syncytial virus proviruses in 22 tumors. The results indicate that these proviruses, without exception, are integrated upstream from the second c-myc exon. At least 70% of these insertion sites are clustered in a 0.5-kilobase region immediately preceding the exon. The proviruses are all arranged in the same transcriptional orientation as c-myc. This type of provirus organization bears strong resemblance to that of the avian leukosis virus proviruses involved in c-myc activation.
Full text
PDF



Images in this article
Selected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- Cooper G. M., Neiman P. E. Two distinct candidate transforming genes of lymphoid leukosis virus-induced neoplasms. Nature. 1981 Aug 27;292(5826):857–858. doi: 10.1038/292857a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Corcoran L. M., Adams J. M., Dunn A. R., Cory S. Murine T lymphomas in which the cellular myc oncogene has been activated by retroviral insertion. Cell. 1984 May;37(1):113–122. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(84)90306-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Duyk G., Leis J., Longiaru M., Skalka A. M. Selective cleavage in the avian retroviral long terminal repeat sequence by the endonuclease associated with the alpha beta form of avian reverse transcriptase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1983 Nov;80(22):6745–6749. doi: 10.1073/pnas.80.22.6745. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Fadly A. M., Witter R. L. Studies of reticuloendotheliosis virus-induced lymphomagenesis in chickens. Avian Dis. 1983 Jan-Mar;27(1):271–282. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Fung Y. K., Crittenden L. B., Kung H. J. Orientation and position of avian leukosis virus DNA relative to the cellular oncogene c-myc in B-lymphoma tumors of highly susceptible 15I5 X 7(2) chickens. J Virol. 1982 Nov;44(2):742–746. doi: 10.1128/jvi.44.2.742-746.1982. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Fung Y. K., Lewis W. G., Crittenden L. B., Kung H. J. Activation of the cellular oncogene c-erbB by LTR insertion: molecular basis for induction of erythroblastosis by avian leukosis virus. Cell. 1983 Jun;33(2):357–368. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(83)90417-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hayward W. S., Neel B. G., Astrin S. M. Activation of a cellular onc gene by promoter insertion in ALV-induced lymphoid leukosis. Nature. 1981 Apr 9;290(5806):475–480. doi: 10.1038/290475a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kozak M. Comparison of initiation of protein synthesis in procaryotes, eucaryotes, and organelles. Microbiol Rev. 1983 Mar;47(1):1–45. doi: 10.1128/mr.47.1.1-45.1983. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kozak M. Selection of initiation sites by eucaryotic ribosomes: effect of inserting AUG triplets upstream from the coding sequence for preproinsulin. Nucleic Acids Res. 1984 May 11;12(9):3873–3893. doi: 10.1093/nar/12.9.3873. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Li Y., Holland C. A., Hartley J. W., Hopkins N. Viral integration near c-myc in 10-20% of mcf 247-induced AKR lymphomas. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1984 Nov;81(21):6808–6811. doi: 10.1073/pnas.81.21.6808. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Liu C. C., Simonsen C. C., Levinson A. D. Initiation of translation at internal AUG codons in mammalian cells. Nature. 1984 May 3;309(5963):82–85. doi: 10.1038/309082a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Mizutani S., Temin H. M. Lack of serological relationship among DNA polymerases of avian leukosis-sarcoma viruses, reticuloendotheliosis viruses, and chicken cells. J Virol. 1973 Sep;12(3):440–448. doi: 10.1128/jvi.12.3.440-448.1973. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Noori-Daloii M. R., Swift R. A., Kung H. J., Crittenden L. B., Witter R. L. Specific integration of REV proviruses in avian bursal lymphomas. Nature. 1981 Dec 10;294(5841):574–576. doi: 10.1038/294574a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Okazaki W., Purchase H. G., Crittenden L. B. Pathogenicity of avian leukosis viruses. Avian Dis. 1982 Jul-Sep;26(3):553–559. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Pachl C., Schubach W., Eisenman R., Linial M. Expression of c-myc RNA in bursal lymphoma cell lines: identification of c-myc-encoded proteins by hybrid-selected translation. Cell. 1983 Jun;33(2):335–344. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(83)90415-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Payne G. S., Bishop J. M., Varmus H. E. Multiple arrangements of viral DNA and an activated host oncogene in bursal lymphomas. Nature. 1982 Jan 21;295(5846):209–214. doi: 10.1038/295209a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ridgway A. A., Swift R. A., Kung H. J., Fujita D. J. In vitro transcription analysis of the viral promoter involved in c-myc activation in chicken B lymphomas: detection and mapping of two RNA initiation sites within the reticuloendotheliosis virus long terminal repeat. J Virol. 1985 Apr;54(1):161–170. doi: 10.1128/jvi.54.1.161-170.1985. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Shen-Ong G. L., Potter M., Mushinski J. F., Lavu S., Reddy E. P. Activation of the c-myb locus by viral insertional mutagenesis in plasmacytoid lymphosarcomas. Science. 1984 Nov 30;226(4678):1077–1080. doi: 10.1126/science.6093260. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Shih C. K., Linial M., Goodenow M. M., Hayward W. S. Nucleotide sequence 5' of the chicken c-myc coding region: localization of a noncoding exon that is absent from myc transcripts in most avian leukosis virus-induced lymphomas. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1984 Aug;81(15):4697–4701. doi: 10.1073/pnas.81.15.4697. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Shimotohno K., Mizutani S., Temin H. M. Sequence of retrovirus provirus resembles that of bacterial transposable elements. Nature. 1980 Jun 19;285(5766):550–554. doi: 10.1038/285550a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Steffen D. Proviruses are adjacent to c-myc in some murine leukemia virus-induced lymphomas. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1984 Apr;81(7):2097–2101. doi: 10.1073/pnas.81.7.2097. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Swanstrom R., DeLorbe W. J., Bishop J. M., Varmus H. E. Nucleotide sequence of cloned unintegrated avian sarcoma virus DNA: viral DNA contains direct and inverted repeats similar to those in transposable elements. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1981 Jan;78(1):124–128. doi: 10.1073/pnas.78.1.124. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Watson D. K., Reddy E. P., Duesberg P. H., Papas T. S. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the chicken c-myc gene reveals homologous and unique coding regions by comparison with the transforming gene of avian myelocytomatosis virus MC29, delta gag-myc. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1983 Apr;80(8):2146–2150. doi: 10.1073/pnas.80.8.2146. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Westaway D., Payne G., Varmus H. E. Proviral deletions and oncogene base-substitutions in insertionally mutagenized c-myc alleles may contribute to the progression of avian bursal tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1984 Feb;81(3):843–847. doi: 10.1073/pnas.81.3.843. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]