Cancer of the pancreas accounts for some 3% of cancer in both sexes combined, with about 6000 new cases a year (Cooper et al, 2005). The only established risk factor for pancreatic cancer is tobacco smoking (Lowenfels, 1984). Incidence has fallen some 10–15% since the mid-1970s in men but has risen slightly in women, and annual incidence in both sexes is now similar at about 10 per 100 000 (Quinn et al, 2001). Both incidence and mortality rates may be biased, however, by under-registration of incident cases and an over-certification of deaths (Remontet et al, 2003). In this context, the survival of patients who were registered with a diagnosis of pancreatic cancer in life assumes particular importance as a measure of outcome. Pancreatic cancer has one of the worst prognoses: the European mean relative 5-year survival rate for patients diagnosed during 1990–1994 was less than 4% (Sant et al, 2003).
We analysed the data for 62 815 patients registered with pancreatic cancer in England and Wales during the period 1986–1999, only 74% of those were apparently eligible. More than a fifth (22%) of all cases had to be excluded from survival analysis because their recorded survival was zero (date of diagnosis same as date of death): some will in fact have died on the day of diagnosis, but most were registered from a death certificate only (DCO), and their survival time was unknown. Some 3% of cases in the national data were known to have been DCOs, but the proportion varied by registry, and they could not be reliably distinguished from cases with true zero survival in the national data. The proportion of cases whose recorded survival was zero rose from 12 to 14% in the 1970s to 19–22% in the 1990s (Coleman et al, 1999). As they represent such a large proportion of patients who were otherwise eligible for survival analysis, and who may have shorter than average survival (Berrino et al, 1995), the impact of their exclusion on observed trends and inequalities in survival needs to be considered. Nationally, the proportion of such cases fluctuated slightly within the range 19–25%. Trends in the proportion of such cases, however, varied very widely among regions: stable and relatively low (6–11%) in Northern and Yorkshire, East Anglia and Oxfordshire; initially high but falling rapidly (Thames, Wales); or initially low but rising rapidly (South and West, West Midlands). These patterns are hard to interpret, as the efficiency and timeliness of registration have increased over this period, and the proportion of other cancers registered solely from a death certificate has generally declined. Overall estimates of survival may thus be slightly high. In contrast, the impact of exclusions for zero survival on trends in the deprivation gap in survival during the 1990s is likely to have been small or negligible, as there was no systematic difference in the proportion of such cases among socioeconomic groups (data not shown). The vital status of 1.4% of patients was unknown at 5 November 2002, and a further 2.8% were also excluded because pancreatic cancer was not their first primary malignancy.
Survival trends
Short-term survival has increased slightly in men, but there is no evidence of improvement in longer-term survival in either sex (Figure 1). One-year survival rose slightly from around 12% for men diagnosed during the 10 years 1986–1995 to 13.9% for those diagnosed during 1996–1999. The fitted, deprivation-adjusted average increase of 1.6% every 5 years was statistically significant (Table 1). For women, 1-year survival rose very slowly, from 10.9 to 12.1%, with an average increase of just 0.3% every 5 years. There was, however, no improvement at all in 5-year survival, which was actually slightly lower for those diagnosed during 1996–1999 (2.7% in men, 2.3% in women) than for those diagnosed during 1986–1990 (3.1 and 2.5%, respectively). Median survival is less than 6 months in both sexes, and it did not improve.
Figure 1.
Relative survival (%) up to 10 years after diagnosis by sex and calendar period of diagnosis: England and Wales, adults (15–99 years) diagnosed during 1986–1999 and followed up to 2001. Survival estimated with cohort or complete approach (1986–1990, 1991–1995, 1996–1999) or hybrid approach (2000–2001) (see Rachet et al, 2008).
Table 1. Trends in relative survival (%) by sex, time since diagnosis and calendar period of diagnosis: England and Wales, adults (15–99 years) diagnosed during 1986–1999 and followed up to 2001.
|
Calendar period of diagnosisa
|
Average change (%) | Predictionc for patients | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
1986–1990
|
1991–1995
|
1996–1999
|
every 5 yearsb
|
diagnosed during 2000–2001
|
|||||||
| Time since diagnosis | Survival (%) | 95% CI | Survival (%) | 95% CI | Survival (%) | 95% CI | Survival (%) | 95% CI | Survival (%) | 95% CI | |
| 1 year | Men | 12.4 | (11.8, 13.0) | 12.2 | (11.6, 12.8) | 13.9 | (13.2, 14.6) | 1.6 * | (0.2, 3.0) | 13.6 | (12.6, 14.6) |
| Women | 10.9 | (10.3, 11.5) | 11.6 | (11.0, 12.2) | 12.1 | (11.5, 12.8) | 0.3 | (−0.9, 1.6) | 11.5 | (10.6, 12.5) | |
| 5 years | Men | 3.1 | (2.8, 3.5) | 2.5 | (2.2, 2.8) | 2.7 | (2.3, 3.1) | 0.1 | (−0.6, 0.9) | 2.6 | (2.2, 3.2) |
| Women | 2.5 | (2.2, 2.8) | 2.2 | (1.9, 2.5) | 2.3 | (1.9, 2.7) | −0.8* | (−1.4, −0.1) | 2.0 | (1.6, 2.5) | |
| 10 years | Men | 2.6 | (2.3, 3.0) | 2.0 | (1.7, 2.3) | 0.6 | (−0.7, 1.9) | 2.1 | (1.7, 2.7) | ||
| Women | 2.1 | (1.8, 2.4) | 1.8 | (1.5, 2.1) | 0.5 | (−0.7, 1.7) | 1.8 | (1.4, 2.2) | |||
CI=confidence interval.
Survival estimated with cohort or complete approach (see Rachet et al, 2008).
Mean absolute change (%) in survival every 5 years, adjusted for deprivation (see Rachet et al, 2008).
Survival estimated with hybrid approach (see Rachet et al, 2008).
*P<0.05.
Short-term predictions of survival for patients diagnosed during 2000–2001, using hybrid analysis (Brenner and Rachet, 2004), show no evidence of any pending improvement in survival up to 10 years after diagnosis (Table 1).
Deprivation
Differences in survival between deprivation categories were small. For those diagnosed during the late 1990s, the deprivation gap in 1- and 5-year survival was slightly more marked in men (Table 2, Figure 2). For women diagnosed in 1996–1999, 5-year survival was slightly better in the deprived than the affluent (deprivation gap positive, +1.1%) and this difference was of borderline statistical significance. The deprivation gap in survival for women diagnosed during the 14 years 1986–1999 appears to have fallen for 1-year survival or even reversed for 5-year survival, but the fitted average improvement every 5 years was less than 1%, and this trend was not statistically significant. There was no systematic trend towards better survival in the deprived than the affluent, and short-term predictions of survival for patients diagnosed during 2000–2001, using hybrid analysis, do not suggest any imminent change in the deprivation gap.
Table 2. Trends in the deprivation gap in relative survival (%) by sex, time since diagnosis and calendar period of diagnosis: England and Wales, adults (15–99 years) diagnosed during 1986–1999 and followed up to 2001.
|
Calendar period of diagnosisa
|
Average change (%) | Predictionc for patients | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
1986–1990
|
1991–1995
|
1996–1999
|
every
5 yearsb |
diagnosed during 2000–2001
|
|||||||
| Time since diagnosis | Deprivation gap (%) | 95% CI | Deprivation gap (%) | 95% CI | Deprivation gap (%) | 95% CI | Deprivation gap (%) | 95% CI | Deprivation gap (%) | 95% CI | |
| 1 year | Men | −0.9 | (−2.7, 1.0) | −3.2** | (−5.0, −1.4) | −2.8* | (−4.9, −0.6) | −1.1 | (−2.6, 0.4) | −3.4* | (−6.4, −0.5) |
| Women | −1.5 | (−3.3, 0.2) | −3.5** | (−5.3, −1.8) | −0.5 | (−2.5, 1.4) | 0.4 | (−1.0, 1.7) | −1.0 | (−3.7, 1.7) | |
| 5 years | Men | 0.0 | (−1.0, 1.1) | −1.2** | (−2.1, −0.3) | −0.9 | (−2.2, 0.4) | −0.6 | (−1.5, 0.3) | −0.6 | (−2.0, 0.8) |
| Women | −0.4 | (−1.3, 0.6) | −0.9* | (−1.8, −0.1) | 1.1* | (0.1, 2.1) | 0.7 | (0.0, 1.4) | 0.5 | (−0.5, 1.5) | |
| 10 years | Men | 0.7 | (−0.3, 1.7) | −0.8 | (−1.8, 0.1) | −1.5* | (−2.9, −0.1) | −0.5 | (−2.0, 0.9) | ||
| Women | 0.2 | (−0.8, 1.1) | −0.9* | (−1.8, 0.0) | −1.1 | (−2.3, 0.2) | 0.5 | (−0.4, 1.5) | |||
CI=confidence interval.
Survival estimated with cohort or complete approach (see Rachet et al, 2008).
Mean absolute change (%) in the deprivation gap in survival every 5 years, adjusted for the underlying trend in survival (see Rachet et al, 2008).
Survival estimated with hybrid approach (see Rachet et al, 2008).
* P<0.05; **P<0.01.
Figure 2.
Trends in the deprivation gap in 5-year relative survival (%) by sex and calendar period of diagnosis: England and Wales, adults (15–99 years) diagnosed during 1986–1999 and followed up to 2001.
Comment
Relative survival at 5 years, less than 3% in both sexes, is lower than for any other of the 20 most common adult cancers in England and Wales. No improvement has occurred since the 1970s (Coleman et al, 1999). Despite progress in diagnostic procedures, most cases are still metastatic at diagnosis, and are not amenable to surgical resection of curative intent. Even when curative surgery can be attempted, most patients will relapse. A small trial has shown that palliative chemotherapy may extend median survival from 2.5 to 6 months (Glimelius et al, 1996), but efficacy remains disappointing, and any therapeutic progress over the last 30 years has not been reflected in higher survival for all patients with pancreatic cancer.
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