Abstract
One of the strategies to reduce the number of smoking‐related deaths is to encourage the involvement of health professionals in tobacco‐use prevention and cessation counselling. The World Health Organization, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the Canadian Public Health Association developed the Global Health Professionals Survey (GHPS) to collect data on tobacco use and cessation counselling among health‐profession students in all WHO member states. This report summarises findings from the GHPS Pilot Study, which consisted of 16 surveys conducted in 10 countries among third year students in four health‐profession disciplines (dentistry, medicine, nursing, and pharmacy) during the first quarter of 2005. The findings indicated that current cigarette smoking among these students was higher than 20% in seven of the 10 countries surveyed. Nevertheless, 87–99% of the students surveyed believed they should have a role in counselling patients to quit smoking; only 5–37% of these third‐year students had actually received formal training in how to conduct such counselling. Schools for health professionals, public health organisations, and education officials should work together to design and implement training in smoking cessation counselling for all health‐profession students.
Keywords: tobacco, health professionals, surveillance
Tobacco use is projected to cause nearly 450 million deaths worldwide during the next 50 years.1 Health professionals can have a critical role in reducing tobacco use; even brief and simple advice from health professionals can substantially increase smoking cessation rates.2,3,4 Therefore, one of the strategies to reduce the number of smoking‐related deaths is to encourage the involvement of health professionals in tobacco‐use prevention and cessation counselling. Studies have collected information from health‐profession students in various countries about their tobacco use and training as cessation counsellors5,6,7,8; however, no study has collected this information cross‐nationally by using a consistent survey methodology. The World Health Organization (WHO), the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the Canadian Public Health Association developed the Global Health Professionals Survey (GHPS) to collect data on tobacco use and cessation counselling among health‐profession students in all WHO Member States. This report summarises findings from the GHPS Pilot Study.
METHOD
GHPS is part of the Global Tobacco Surveillance System (GTSS), which collects data through three surveys: the Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS), the Global School Personnel Survey (GSPS), and GHPS. GHPS is a school‐based survey of third‐year students pursuing advanced degrees in dentistry, medicine, nursing, or pharmacy. GHPS uses a core questionnaire on demographics, prevalence of cigarette smoking and other tobacco use, knowledge and attitudes about tobacco use, exposure to secondhand smoke, desire for smoking cessation, and training received regarding patient counselling on smoking‐cessation techniques. GHPS has a standardised methodology for selecting participating schools and classes and uniform data processing procedures. The GHPS Pilot Study surveyed third‐year students from Albania (dental (57), medical (138), nursing (356), and pharmacy (56)), Argentina (Buenos Aires) (medical (348)), Bangladesh (dental (205)), Croatia (medical (404)), Egypt (medical (1770)), Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (nursing (874)), India (dental (1499)), the Philippines (pharmacy (1045)), the Republic of Serbia (Belgrade) (dental (160), medical (218), and pharmacy (118)), and Uganda (medical (162) and nursing (444)).
Depending on the number of schools and third‐year students in participating countries and disciplines and the resources available, the 16 GHPS studies included a census of students and schools or a sample of schools and a sample of students. Albania, Argentina (Buenos Aires), Bangladesh, Croatia, Egypt, the Republic of Serbia (Belgrade), and Uganda conducted a census of schools and third‐year students. The Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, India, and the Philippines drew a two‐stage sample of schools and classes of third year students in selected schools. For each of the 16 surveys, the school response rate was 100%, and the third‐year student response rate ranged from 65.6% (Republic of Serbia (Belgrade) (pharmacy students)) to 100% (Albania (pharmacy students)). GHPS was conducted in schools during regular class sessions. GHPS follows an anonymous, self‐administered format for data collection, and the questionnaires were translated into local languages as needed. Current cigarette smokers were defined as those who reported that they currently smoke daily or occasionally. Differences in rates for these indicators were considered statistically significant at the p < 0.05 level.
RESULTS
Current cigarette smoking among third‐year health profession students was most prevalent in Albania, Argentina (Buenos Aires), Bangladesh, Croatia, Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Philippines, and the Republic of Serbia (Belgrade), with rates ranging from 18.1% (Republic of Serbia (Belgrade) medical students) to 47.1% (Albania pharmacy students) (table 1); the lowest current smoking prevalences were reported among Ugandan nursing (0.5%) and medical (2.8%) students, Egyptian medical students (7.9%), and Indian dental students (9.6%). Male students were significantly more likely than female students to currently smoke cigarettes in Albania, Bangladesh, Egypt, India, Philippines, Republic of Serbia (Belgrade) (medical students only), and Uganda. Only among Serbian dental students were females significantly more likely than males to currently smoke cigarettes.
Table 1 Third‐year health profession students' prevalence of current cigarette smoking, by sex, country, and discipline—Global Health Professionals Survey Pilot Study, 10 countries, 2005.
| n* | Total (%) (95% CI) | n* | Male (%) (95% CI) | n* | Female (%) (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Albania | ||||||
| Dental | 41 | 30.1 (23.2 to 38.1) | 12 | 38.0 (24.9 to 53.1) | 29 | 27.1 (19.4 to 36.6) |
| Medical | 114 | 43.3 (40.7 to 45.9) | 28 | 65.1 (59.8 to 69.9) | 85 | 35.7 (32.8 to 38.7) |
| Nursing | 271 | 41.5 (37.9 to 45.1) | 63 | 57.5 (49.8 to 64.8) | 208 | 36.4 (32.5 to 40.5) |
| Pharmacy | 40 | 47.1 (42.8 to 51.4) | 12 | 65.8 (58.0 to 72.9) | 28 | 38.9 (34.1 to 44.0) |
| Argentina (Buenos Aires) | ||||||
| Medical | 296 | 35.5 (33.6 to 37.4) | 118 | 33.4 (30.4 to 36.4) | 177 | 36.5 (34.1 to 39.1) |
| Bangladesh | ||||||
| Dental | 192 | 22.2 (18.2 to 26.8) | 84 | 46.7 (39.0 to 54.7) | 108 | 3.3 (1.6 to 6.7) |
| Croatia | ||||||
| Medical | 377 | 36.6 (34.1 to 39.2) | 120 | 35.9 (31.5 to 40.4) | 256 | 37.1 (34.1 to 40.3) |
| Egypt | ||||||
| Medical | 1749 | 7.9 (5.7 to 10.7) | 993 | 12.9 (9.9 to 16.5) | 756 | 1.2 (0.5 to 3.0) |
| Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina | ||||||
| Nursing | 791 | 33.0 (28.8 to 37.6) | 212 | 27.3 (21.1 to 34.5) | 576 | 34.8 (29.8 to 40.2) |
| India | ||||||
| Dental | 1266 | 9.6 (6.7 to 13.6) | 719 | 14.9 (10.7 to 20.4) | 541 | 2.4 (0.8 to 6.9) |
| Philippines | ||||||
| Pharmacy | 595 | 22.1 (16.8 to 28.5) | 119 | 37.8 (26.5 to 50.5) | 469 | 18.1 (12.8 to 24.9) |
| Republic of Serbia (Belgrade) | ||||||
| Dental | 152 | 42.5 (39.1 to 45.9) | 42 | 30.2 (24.6 to 36.4) | 110 | 47.2 (43.2 to 51.2) |
| Medical | 187 | 18.1 (15.9 to 20.7) | 54 | 23.8 (19.3 to 29.1) | 133 | 15.9 (13.3 to 18.8) |
| Pharmacy | 113 | 20.4 (16.2 to 25.2) | 24 | 16.7 (9.5 to 27.7) | 89 | 21.3 (16.6 to 26.9) |
| Uganda | ||||||
| Medical | 151 | 2.8 (1.8 to 4.2) | 101 | 4.1 (2.7 to 6.3) | 49 | 0.0 |
| Nursing | 378 | 0.5 (0.3 to 0.9) | 60 | 3.3 (1.9 to 5.6) | 316 | 0.0 |
*The reported n is the unweighted number of cases in the denominator. The male and female n's may not add to the total n due to non‐response on the question that determines gender.
Current smokers were defined as those who reported that they currently smoke “daily” or “occasionally”.
CI, confidence interval.
The majority of third‐year students (range 86.6–99.8%) in all four health disciplines and in all 10 countries believed health professionals should advise patients about smoking cessation (table 2). However, the percentage of third‐year students who had received formal training in tobacco cessation counselling ranged from 5.2% among medical students in Argentina (Buenos Aires) to 36.6% among pharmacy students in the Philippines. Formal training can include classroom lectures, special seminars, clinical practicum, and other problem‐based learning opportunities, but training of health professionals varies among countries and across disciplines within countries.
Table 2 Third‐year health profession students' attitudes toward and training in smoking‐cessation counselling, by country and discipline—Global Health Professionals Survey Pilot Study, 10 Countries, 2005.
| n* | Believe health professionals should give advice or information about smoking cessation to patients (%) (95% CI) | n* | Received formal training in cessation counselling (%) (95% CI) | n* | Believe health professionals should be trained in cessation techniques (%) (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Albania | ||||||
| Dental | 51 | 95.6 (91.2 to 97.9) | 53 | 14.2 (9.7 to 20.2) | 53 | 97.9 (94.2 to 99.3) |
| Medical | 135 | 95.0 (93.8 to 95.9) | 133 | 10.3 (9.0 to 11.9) | 135 | 97.1 (96.2 to 97.8) |
| Nursing | 331 | 89.4 (87.2 to 91.4) | 338 | 22.6 (16.8 to 24.3) | 336 | 96.7 (95.3 to 97.7) |
| Pharmacy | 52 | 86.6 (83.9 to 89.0) | 52 | 7.7 (5.9 to 10.0) | 52 | 98.1 (96.8 to 98.9) |
| Argentina (Buenos Aires) | ||||||
| Medical | 304 | 98.8 (98.3 to 99.1) | 305 | 5.2 (4.4 to 6.1) | 305 | 91.3 (90.1 to 92.3) |
| Bangladesh | ||||||
| Dental | 204 | 98.1 (96.1 to 99.1) | 204 | 24.9 (20.7 to 29.5) | 202 | 97.5 (95.4 to 98.7) |
| Croatia | ||||||
| Medical | 393 | 97.7 (96.8 to 98.4) | 392 | 14.5 (12.8 to 16.4) | 395 | 71.7 (69.3 to 73.9) |
| Egypt | ||||||
| Medical | 1767 | 91.1 (89.6 to 92.4) | 1770 | 20.9 (18.4 to 23.6) | 1766 | 92.5 (90.4 to 94.2) |
| Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina | ||||||
| Nursing | NA | 851 | 28.6 (23.7 to 34.0) | 851 | 90.3 (87.8 to 92.3) | |
| India | ||||||
| Dental | 1335 | 99.8 (99.8 to 99.9) | 1332 | 10.5 (5.8 to 18.1) | 1339 | 99.0 (97.9 to 99.6) |
| Philippines | ||||||
| Pharmacy | 632 | 99.3 (98.3 to 99.7) | 629 | 36.6 (30.6 to 43.1) | 631 | 93.9 (91.7 to 95.5) |
| Republic of Serbia (Belgrade) | ||||||
| Dental | NA | 156 | 20.7 (18.1 to 23.6) | 157 | 91.5 (89.5 to 93.2) | |
| Medical | NA | 190 | 32.6 (29.8 to 35.6) | 189 | 95.9 (94.5 to 97.0) | |
| Pharmacy | NA | 116 | 9.5 (6.7 to 13.2) | 116 | 93.1 (89.7 to 95.9) | |
| Uganda | ||||||
| Medical | 153 | 98.8 (97.7 to 99.3) | 154 | 15.9 (13.5 to 18.6) | 154 | 97.3 (95.9 to 98.2) |
| Nursing | 394 | 98.4 (97.8 to 98.9) | 391 | 35.1 (33.2 to 37.0) | 388 | 97.1 (96.3 to 97.7) |
*The reported n is the unweighted number of cases in the denominator.
CI, confidence interval; NA, question not asked.
Data on receipt of formal cessation‐counselling training among third‐year students of different disciplines within the same country were available for Albania, the Republic of Serbia (Belgrade), and Uganda. In Albania, nursing students (22.6%) were significantly more likely than medical students (10.3%) or pharmacy students (7.7%) to have received such training but not significantly more likely than dental students (14.2%). In the Republic of Serbia (Belgrade), medical (32.6%) and dental (20.7%) students were significantly more likely than pharmacy students (9.5%) to have received cessation training. In Uganda, nursing students (35.1%) were more than twice as likely as medical students (15.9%) to have received training. More than 90% of third‐year students (range 90.3–99.0%) in every survey except medical students in Croatia (71.7%) thought health‐profession students should receive cessation counselling training as part of their normal curriculum.
DISCUSSION
Health professionals who continue to smoke cigarettes send an inconsistent message to patients whom they counsel to quit smoking. Findings from the 2005 GHPS Pilot Study indicate that the current cigarette smoking rate among third‐year health‐profession students is higher than 20% in seven of the 10 countries surveyed. The public health community should target cigarette smoking among health profession students because this behaviour endangers their own health and reduces their ability to deliver effective anti‐tobacco counselling to their patients. The findings in this report also indicate that most third‐year health‐profession students in the countries surveyed did not receive formal training in smoking cessation counselling, even though more than 90% of the same students want such training to be included in their formal curricula. All health‐profession schools, public health organisations, and education officials should discourage tobacco use among health professionals and work together to design and implement programmes that train all health professionals in effective cessation‐counselling techniques.
The WHO Framework Convention for Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC), adopted by the 56th World Health Assembly in May 2003, is the first international public health treaty on tobacco control.9 In addition to providing a blueprint for a global response to the pandemic of tobacco‐induced death and disease, WHO FCTC calls for countries to use standard methods and procedures for surveillance. GHPS provides countries with a way to measure tobacco use among their third year health‐profession students, the desire for cessation among students who smoke, the extent to which students are being trained to provide tobacco‐cessation counselling, and the willingness of students to use such training to reduce tobacco use among their patients. The GHPS Pilot Study proved successful in terms of school and student participation, fieldwork procedures, data collection, cost, and reliability of data. In light of these successes, GHPS will be expanded during academic year 2005–06 to include approximately 40 additional countries. The goal of WHO, CDC, and CPHA is to gather data from all four disciplines in as many of the 192 WHO member states by the end of academic year 2008.
What this paper adds
Health professionals can have a critical role in reducing tobacco use; even brief and simple advice from health professionals can substantially increase smoking cessation rates. Therefore, one of the strategies to reduce the number of smoking‐related deaths is to encourage the involvement of health professionals in tobacco‐use prevention and cessation counselling.
The findings in this report are subject to at least four limitations. First, because GHPS respondents are third‐year health profession students who have not had substantial interaction with patients, survey results should not be extrapolated to account for practising health professionals in any of the countries. Second, the GHPS did not survey students in all health professions whose members could provide patients with cessation counselling (for example, chiropractors, traditional healers, psychologists, and counsellors). Third, because adult smoking rates across countries are not collected by using a standardised and consistent methodology, comparison of the prevalence in this report with the prevalence in the general adult populations is not possible. Finally, a reliability study of the GHPS core questionnaire items has not been undertaken but is required before full expansion of the survey.
The theme of WHO's World No Tobacco Day (WNTD) 2005 was the role of health professionals in tobacco control. Organisations of health professionals are aware of members' potential role and responsibility in tobacco control, and several have already initiated specific activities. For example, the Doctors' Manifesto for Tobacco Control was launched in 2002 with the support of medical associations worldwide.10 In addition, several individual associations have adopted their own codes regarding tobacco control, such as the provision in the Pharmacists against Tobacco code of practice that bans smoking in pharmacies.
This report is based, in part, on contributions by: F Musoke, Makerere Univ, Kampala, Uganda; NA Labib, Cairo Univ, Cairo, Egypt; H Vrazic, European Medical Students' Assoc, Zagreb, Croatia; R Shuperka, Institute of Public Health; A Lena, For a Tobacco Free Albania, Tirana, Albania; A Ramic‐Catak, Federal Public Health Institute, Sarajevo, Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina; D Stojiljkovic, Ministry of Health, Belgrade, Republic of Serbia; R Pitarque, Municipality of Olavaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Z Ali, Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies, Dhaka, Bangladesh; M Shah, Government Dental College and Hospital, Ahmedabad, India; M Miguel‐Baquilod, Ministry of Health, Manila, Philippines; N Schneider, European Medical Students' Assoc, Heidelberg, Germany; H Richter‐Airijoki, C Audera‐Lopez, T Musa, J‐P Baptiste, T Butua, F El‐Awa, H Nikogosian, K Schotte, A Peruga, K Rahman, B Fishburn, J Santos Tobacco Free Initiative, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
Abbreviations
FCTC - Framework Convention for Tobacco Control
GHPS - Global Health Professionals Survey
GSPS - Global School Personnel Survey
GTSS - Global Tobacco Surveillance System
GYTS - Global Youth Tobacco Survey
WHO - World Health Organization
Footnotes
Competing interests: none declared
This paper was first published in Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Reports (MMWR 2005;54:505–9)
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