Skip to main content
Journal of Virology logoLink to Journal of Virology
. 1981 Dec;40(3):703–719. doi: 10.1128/jvi.40.3.703-719.1981

In vitro transcription of adenovirus.

A Fire, C C Baker, J L Manley, E B Ziff, P A Sharp
PMCID: PMC256682  PMID: 7321101

Abstract

A series of recombinants of adenovirus DNA fragments and pBR322 was used to test the transcriptional activity of the nine known adenovirus promoters in a cell-free extract. Specific initiation was seen at all five early promoters as well as at the major late promotor and at the intermediate promoter for polypeptide IX. The system failed to recognize the two other adenovirus promoters, which were prominent in vivo only at intermediate and late stages in infection. Microheterogeneity of 5' termini at several adenovirus promoters, previously shown in vivo, was reproduced in the in vitro reaction and indeed appeared to result from heterogeneous initiation rather than 5' processing. To test for the presence of soluble factors involved in regulation of nRNA synthesis, the activity of extracts prepared from early and late stages of infection was compared on an assortment of viral promoter sites. Although mock and early extracts showed identical transcription patterns, extracts prepared from late stages gave 5- to 10-fold relative enhancement of the late and polypeptide IX promoters as compared with early promoters.

Full text

PDF
703

Images in this article

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Aleström P., Akusjärvi G., Perricaudet M., Mathews M. B., Klessig D. F., Pettersson U. The gene for polypeptide IX of adenovirus type 2 and its unspliced messenger RNA. Cell. 1980 Mar;19(3):671–681. doi: 10.1016/s0092-8674(80)80044-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Baker C. C., Herisse J., Courtois G., Galibert F., Ziff E. Messenger RNA for the Ad2 DNA binding protein: DNA sequences encoding the first leader and heterogenity at the mRNA 5' end. Cell. 1979 Oct;18(2):569–580. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(79)90073-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Baker C. C., Ziff E. B. Biogenesis, structures, and sites of encoding of the 5' termini of adenovirus-2 mRNAs. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol. 1980;44(Pt 1):415–428. doi: 10.1101/sqb.1980.044.01.045. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Baker C. C., Ziff E. B. Promoters and heterogeneous 5' termini of the messenger RNAs of adenovirus serotype 2. J Mol Biol. 1981 Jun 25;149(2):189–221. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(81)90298-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Benoist C., Chambon P. In vivo sequence requirements of the SV40 early promotor region. Nature. 1981 Mar 26;290(5804):304–310. doi: 10.1038/290304a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Berk A. J., Lee F., Harrison T., Williams J., Sharp P. A. Pre-early adenovirus 5 gene product regulates synthesis of early viral messenger RNAs. Cell. 1979 Aug;17(4):935–944. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(79)90333-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Chow L. T., Broker T. R., Lewis J. B. Complex splicing patterns of RNAs from the early regions of adenovirus-2. J Mol Biol. 1979 Oct 25;134(2):265–303. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(79)90036-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Chow L. T., Lewis J. B., Broker T. R. RNA transcription and splicing at early and intermediate times after adenovirus-2 infection. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol. 1980;44(Pt 1):401–414. doi: 10.1101/sqb.1980.044.01.044. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Corden J., Wasylyk B., Buchwalder A., Sassone-Corsi P., Kedinger C., Chambon P. Promoter sequences of eukaryotic protein-coding genes. Science. 1980 Sep 19;209(4463):1406–1414. doi: 10.1126/science.6251548. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Dierks P., van Ooyen A., Mantei N., Weissmann C. DNA sequences preceding the rabbit beta-globin gene are required for formation in mouse L cells of beta-globin RNA with the correct 5' terminus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1981 Mar;78(3):1411–1415. doi: 10.1073/pnas.78.3.1411. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Fujinaga K., Sawada Y., Uemizu Y., Yamashita T., Shimojo H., Shiroki K., Sugisaki H., Sugimoto K., Takanami M. Nucleotide sequences, integration, and transcription of the adenovirus-12 transforming genes. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol. 1980;44(Pt 1):519–532. doi: 10.1101/sqb.1980.044.01.054. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Galibert F., Hérissé J., Courtois G. Nucleotide sequence of the EcoRI-F fragment of adenovirus 2 genome. Gene. 1979 May;6(1):1–22. doi: 10.1016/0378-1119(79)90081-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Ghosh P. K., Lebowitz P., Frisque R. J., Gluzman Y. Identification of a promoter component involved in positioning the 5' termini of simian virus 40 early mRNAs. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1981 Jan;78(1):100–104. doi: 10.1073/pnas.78.1.100. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Grosschedl R., Birnstiel M. L. Identification of regulatory sequences in the prelude sequences of an H2A histone gene by the study of specific deletion mutants in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1980 Mar;77(3):1432–1436. doi: 10.1073/pnas.77.3.1432. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Grosschedl R., Birnstiel M. L. Spacer DNA sequences upstream of the T-A-T-A-A-A-T-A sequence are essential for promotion of H2A histone gene transcription in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1980 Dec;77(12):7102–7106. doi: 10.1073/pnas.77.12.7102. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Gruss P., Dhar R., Khoury G. Simian virus 40 tandem repeated sequences as an element of the early promoter. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1981 Feb;78(2):943–947. doi: 10.1073/pnas.78.2.943. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Handa H., Kaufman R. J., Manley J., Gefter M., Sharp P. A. Transcription of Simian virus 40 DNA in a HeLa whole cell extract. J Biol Chem. 1981 Jan 10;256(1):478–482. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Hashimoto S., Green M. Adenovirus 2 early messenger RNA-genome mapping of 5'-terminal RNase T1 oligonucleotides and heterogeneity of 5'-termini. J Biol Chem. 1980 Jul 25;255(14):6780–6788. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Hu S. L., Manley J. L. DNA sequence required for initiation of transcription in vitro from the major late promoter of adenovirus 2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1981 Feb;78(2):820–824. doi: 10.1073/pnas.78.2.820. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Lewis J. B., Mathews M. B. Control of adenovirus early gene expression: a class of immediate early products. Cell. 1980 Aug;21(1):303–313. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(80)90138-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Maat J., Van Ormondt H. The nucleotide sequence of the transforming HindIII-G fragment of adenovirus type 5 DNA. The region between map positions 4.5 (HpaI site) and 8.0 (HindIII site). Gene. 1979 May;6(1):75–90. doi: 10.1016/0378-1119(79)90086-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Maat J., van Beveren C. P., van Ormondt H. The nucleotide sequence of adenovirus type 5 early region E1: the region between map positions 8.0 (HindIII site) and 11.8 (SmaI site). Gene. 1980 Jun;10(1):27–38. doi: 10.1016/0378-1119(80)90140-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Manley J. L., Sharp P. A., Gefter M. L. RNA synthesis in isolated nuclei: identification and comparison of adenovirus 2 encoded transcripts synthesized in vitro and vivo. J Mol Biol. 1979 Nov 25;135(1):171–197. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(79)90346-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Mathis D. J., Chambon P. The SV40 early region TATA box is required for accurate in vitro initiation of transcription. Nature. 1981 Mar 26;290(5804):310–315. doi: 10.1038/290310a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Nevins J. R., Wilson M. C. Regulation of adenovirus-2 gene expression at the level of transcriptional termination and RNA processing. Nature. 1981 Mar 12;290(5802):113–118. doi: 10.1038/290113a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Rio D., Robbins A., Myers R., Tjian R. Regulation of simian virus 40 early transcription in vitro by a purified tumor antigen. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1980 Oct;77(10):5706–5710. doi: 10.1073/pnas.77.10.5706. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Sambrook J., Greene R., Stringer J., Mitchison T., Hu S. L., Botchan M. Analysis of the sites of integration of viral DNA sequences in rat cells transformed by adenovirus 2 or SV40. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol. 1980;44(Pt 1):569–584. doi: 10.1101/sqb.1980.044.01.059. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Sanger F., Brownlee G. G., Barrell B. G. A two-dimensional fractionation procedure for radioactive nucleotides. J Mol Biol. 1965 Sep;13(2):373–398. doi: 10.1016/s0022-2836(65)80104-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Shatkin A. J. Capping of eucaryotic mRNAs. Cell. 1976 Dec;9(4 Pt 2):645–653. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(76)90128-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Shaw A. R., Ziff E. B. Transcripts from the adenovirus-2 major late promoter yield a single early family of 3' coterminal mRNAs and five late families. Cell. 1980 Dec;22(3):905–916. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(80)90568-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Steenbergh P. H., Sussenbach J. S. The nucleotide sequence of the right-hand terminus of adenovirus type 5 DNA: implications for the mechanism of DNA replication. Gene. 1979 Aug;6(4):307–318. doi: 10.1016/0378-1119(79)90071-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Tsai S. Y., Tsai M. J., O'Malley B. W. Specific 5' flanking sequences are required for faithful initiation of in vitro transcription of the ovalbumin gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1981 Feb;78(2):879–883. doi: 10.1073/pnas.78.2.879. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Van Ormondt H., Maat J., De Waard A., Van der Eb A. J. The nucleotide sequence of the transforming HpaI-E fragment of adenovirus type 5 DNA. Gene. 1978 Dec;4(4):309–328. doi: 10.1016/0378-1119(78)90048-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Wasylyk B., Derbyshire R., Guy A., Molko D., Roget A., Téoule R., Chambon P. Specific in vitro transcription of conalbumin gene is drastically decreased by single-point mutation in T-A-T-A box homology sequence. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1980 Dec;77(12):7024–7028. doi: 10.1073/pnas.77.12.7024. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Wasylyk B., Kédinger C., Corden J., Brison O., Chambon P. Specific in vitro initiation of transcription on conalbumin and ovalbumin genes and comparison with adenovirus-2 early and late genes. Nature. 1980 Jun 5;285(5764):367–373. doi: 10.1038/285367a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Weil P. A., Luse D. S., Segall J., Roeder R. G. Selective and accurate initiation of transcription at the Ad2 major late promotor in a soluble system dependent on purified RNA polymerase II and DNA. Cell. 1979 Oct;18(2):469–484. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(79)90065-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Yoshida K., Fujinaga K. Unique species of mRNA from adenovirus type 7 early region 1 in cells transformed by adenovirus type 7 DNA fragment. J Virol. 1980 Nov;36(2):337–352. doi: 10.1128/jvi.36.2.337-352.1980. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Ziff E. B., Evans R. M. Coincidence of the promoter and capped 5' terminus of RNA from the adenovirus 2 major late transcription unit. Cell. 1978 Dec;15(4):1463–1475. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(78)90070-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Ziff E. B. Transcription and RNA processing by the DNA tumour viruses. Nature. 1980 Oct 9;287(5782):491–499. doi: 10.1038/287491a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Journal of Virology are provided here courtesy of American Society for Microbiology (ASM)

RESOURCES