Abstract
Diarrhea is a common symptom worldwide and especially so in developing countries. Whereas better diagnostic modalities in the developed world have helped to elucidate the causes of diarrhea, the situation in developing countries is not the same. Rather, most diarrhea cases are assumed to be of infective origin, and many people self-medicate. However, such a prevailing situation is unlikely to be correct, and it denies appropriate treatment to patients with other noninfective causes of diarrhea. This review is on microscopic colitis syndrome, a recently described cause of chronic diarrhea in which there is a dearth of publication from the developing countries.
Full text
PDFImages in this article
Selected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- Abdo A. A., Zetler P. J., Halparin L. S. Familial microscopic colitis. Can J Gastroenterol. 2001 May;15(5):341–343. doi: 10.1155/2001/920825. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ayata Gamze, Ithamukkala Sarathehandra, Sapp Heidi, Shaz Beth H., Brien Tom P., Wang Helen H., Antonioli Donald A., Farraye Francis A., Odze Robert D. Prevalence and significance of inflammatory bowel disease-like morphologic features in collagenous and lymphocytic colitis. Am J Surg Pathol. 2002 Nov;26(11):1414–1423. doi: 10.1097/00000478-200211000-00003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ayata Gamze, Ithamukkala Sarathehandra, Sapp Heidi, Shaz Beth H., Brien Tom P., Wang Helen H., Antonioli Donald A., Farraye Francis A., Odze Robert D. Prevalence and significance of inflammatory bowel disease-like morphologic features in collagenous and lymphocytic colitis. Am J Surg Pathol. 2002 Nov;26(11):1414–1423. doi: 10.1097/00000478-200211000-00003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Baert F., Wouters K., D'Haens G., Hoang P., Naegels S., D'Heygere F., Holvoet J., Louis E., Devos M., Geboes K. Lymphocytic colitis: a distinct clinical entity? A clinicopathological confrontation of lymphocytic and collagenous colitis. Gut. 1999 Sep;45(3):375–381. doi: 10.1136/gut.45.3.375. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Bohr J., Tysk C., Eriksson S., Abrahamsson H., Järnerot G. Collagenous colitis: a retrospective study of clinical presentation and treatment in 163 patients. Gut. 1996 Dec;39(6):846–851. doi: 10.1136/gut.39.6.846. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Bonner G. F., Petras R. E., Cheong D. M., Grewal I. D., Breno S., Ruderman W. B. Short- and long-term follow-up of treatment for lymphocytic and collagenous colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2000 May;6(2):85–91. doi: 10.1002/ibd.3780060204. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Bürgel Natalie, Bojarski Christian, Mankertz Joachim, Zeitz Martin, Fromm Michael, Schulzke Jörg-Dieter. Mechanisms of diarrhea in collagenous colitis. Gastroenterology. 2002 Aug;123(2):433–443. doi: 10.1053/gast.2002.34784. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Fausa O., Foerster A., Hovig T. Collagenous colitis. A clinical, histological, and ultrastructural study. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl. 1985;107:8–23. doi: 10.3109/00365528509099747. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Fernandez-Bañares F., Esteve M., Salas A., Forné T. M., Espinos J. C., Martín-Comin J., Viver J. M. Bile acid malabsorption in microscopic colitis and in previously unexplained functional chronic diarrhea. Dig Dis Sci. 2001 Oct;46(10):2231–2238. doi: 10.1023/a:1011927302076. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Fernández-Bañares Fernando, Salas Antonio, Esteve Maria, Espinós Jorge, Forné Montserrat, Viver Josep Maria. Collagenous and lymphocytic colitis. evaluation of clinical and histological features, response to treatment, and long-term follow-up. Am J Gastroenterol. 2003 Feb;98(2):340–347. doi: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2003.07225.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Fine K. D., Lee E. L. Efficacy of open-label bismuth subsalicylate for the treatment of microscopic colitis. Gastroenterology. 1998 Jan;114(1):29–36. doi: 10.1016/s0016-5085(98)70629-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Fisher N. C., Tutt A., Sim E., Scarpello J. H., Green J. R. Collagenous colitis responsive to octreotide therapy. J Clin Gastroenterol. 1996 Dec;23(4):300–301. doi: 10.1097/00004836-199612000-00013. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Fraser A. G., Warren B. F., Chandrapala R., Jewell D. P. Microscopic colitis: a clinical and pathological review. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2002 Nov;37(11):1241–1245. doi: 10.1080/003655202761020489. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Giardiello F. M., Hansen F. C., 3rd, Lazenby A. J., Hellman D. B., Milligan F. D., Bayless T. M., Yardley J. H. Collagenous colitis in setting of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and antibiotics. Dig Dis Sci. 1990 Feb;35(2):257–260. doi: 10.1007/BF01536772. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Giardiello F. M., Jackson F. W., Lazenby A. J. Metachronous occurrence of collagenous colitis and ulcerative colitis. Gut. 1991 Apr;32(4):447–449. doi: 10.1136/gut.32.4.447. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Goff J. S., Barnett J. L., Pelke T., Appelman H. D. Collagenous colitis: histopathology and clinical course. Am J Gastroenterol. 1997 Jan;92(1):57–60. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Järnerot G., Bohr J., Tysk C., Eriksson S. Faecal stream diversion in patients with collagenous colitis. Gut. 1996 Jan;38(1):154–155. doi: 10.1136/gut.38.1.154-b. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Järnerot G., Hertervig E., Grännö C., Thorhallsson E., Eriksson S., Tysk C., Hansson I., Björknäs H., Bohr J., Olesen M. Familial occurrence of microscopic colitis: a report on five families. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2001 Sep;36(9):959–962. doi: 10.1080/003655201750305486. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lazenby A. J., Yardley J. H., Giardiello F. M., Bayless T. M. Pitfalls in the diagnosis of collagenous colitis: experience with 75 cases from a registry of collagenous colitis at the Johns Hopkins Hospital. Hum Pathol. 1990 Sep;21(9):905–910. doi: 10.1016/0046-8177(90)90173-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Libbrecht L., Croes R., Ectors N., Staels F., Geboes K. Microscopic colitis with giant cells. Histopathology. 2002 Apr;40(4):335–338. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2559.2002.01348.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Marshall JK, Irvine EJ. Lymphocytic and Collagenous Colitis: Medical Management. Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol. 1999 Apr;2(2):127–133. doi: 10.1007/s11938-999-0040-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Olesen M., Middelveld R., Bohr J., Tysk C., Lundberg J. O. N., Eriksson S., Alving K., Järnerot G. Luminal nitric oxide and epithelial expression of inducible and endothelial nitric oxide synthase in collagenous and lymphocytic colitis. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2003 Jan;38(1):66–72. doi: 10.1080/00365520310000465. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Otegbayo J. A., Oluwasola A. O., Akang E. E. Collagenous colitis in an adult patient with chronic diarrhoea: case report. East Afr Med J. 2001 May;78(5):272–274. doi: 10.4314/eamj.v78i5.9054. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Pardi Darrell S., Smyrk Thomas C., Tremaine William J., Sandborn William J. Microscopic colitis: a review. Am J Gastroenterol. 2002 Apr;97(4):794–802. doi: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2002.05595.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Perner A., Andresen L., Normark M., Fischer-Hansen B., Sørensen S., Eugen-Olsen J., Rask-Madsen J. Expression of nitric oxide synthases and effects of L-arginine and L-NMMA on nitric oxide production and fluid transport in collagenous colitis. Gut. 2001 Sep;49(3):387–394. doi: 10.1136/gut.49.3.387. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Pokorny C. S., Kneale K. L., Henderson C. J. Progression of collagenous colitis to ulcerative colitis. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2001 May-Jun;32(5):435–438. doi: 10.1097/00004836-200105000-00016. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Rotimi O., Rodrigues M. G., Lim C. Microscopic colitis with giant cells-is it really a distinct pathological entity? Histopathology. 2004 May;44(5):503–505. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2004.01825.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Schiller L. R., Bilhartz L. E., Santa Ana C. A., Fordtran J. S. Comparison of endogenous and radiolabeled bile acid excretion in patients with idiopathic chronic diarrhea. Gastroenterology. 1990 Apr;98(4):1036–1043. doi: 10.1016/0016-5085(90)90031-u. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Schiller L. R. Pathophysiology and treatment of microscopic-colitis syndrome. Lancet. 2000 Apr 8;355(9211):1198–1199. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02079-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ståhle-Bäckdahl M., Maim J., Veress B., Benoni C., Bruce K., Egesten A. Increased presence of eosinophilic granulocytes expressing transforming growth factor-beta1 in collagenous colitis. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2000 Jul;35(7):742–746. doi: 10.1080/003655200750023426. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Sylwestrowicz T., Kelly J. K., Hwang W. S., Shaffer E. A. Collagenous colitis and microscopic colitis: the watery diarrhea-colitis syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol. 1989 Jul;84(7):763–768. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Thomson Robert D., Lestina Lisa S., Bensen Steven P., Toor Arifa, Maheshwari Yogesh, Ratcliffe Nora R. Lansoprazole-associated microscopic colitis: a case series. Am J Gastroenterol. 2002 Nov;97(11):2908–2913. doi: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2002.07066.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ung K. A., Gillberg R., Kilander A., Abrahamsson H. Role of bile acids and bile acid binding agents in patients with collagenous colitis. Gut. 2000 Feb;46(2):170–175. doi: 10.1136/gut.46.2.170. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Veress B., Löfberg R., Bergman L. Microscopic colitis syndrome. Gut. 1995 Jun;36(6):880–886. doi: 10.1136/gut.36.6.880. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Wang K. K., Perrault J., Carpenter H. A., Schroeder K. W., Tremaine W. J. Collagenous colitis: a clinicopathologic correlation. Mayo Clin Proc. 1987 Aug;62(8):665–671. doi: 10.1016/s0025-6196(12)65216-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Zins B. J., Sandborn W. J., Tremaine W. J. Collagenous and lymphocytic colitis: subject review and therapeutic alternatives. Am J Gastroenterol. 1995 Sep;90(9):1394–1400. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]