Skip to main content
NCBI home page
The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine logoLink to The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine
. 1970 Oct;43(2):76–109.

Signs and symptoms of electrolyte disorders.

M Weiner, F H Epstein
PMCID: PMC2591548  PMID: 4923380

Full text

PDF
76

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. AUSTEN F. K., CARMICHAEL M. W., ADAMS R. D. Neurologic manifestations of chronic pulmonary insufficiency. N Engl J Med. 1957 Sep 26;257(13):579–590. doi: 10.1056/NEJM195709262571301. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. BELLET S., STEIGER W. A., NADLER C. S., GAZES P. C. Electrocardiographic patterns in hypopotassemia: observations on 79 patients. Am J Med Sci. 1950 May;219(5):542–558. doi: 10.1097/00000441-195005000-00012. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. BLANCHARD B. M. Focal hypocalcemic seizures 33 years after thyroidectomy. Arch Intern Med. 1962 Sep;110:382–385. doi: 10.1001/archinte.1962.03620210106018. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. BRADLOW B. A., SEGEL N. Acute hyperparathyroidism with electrocardiographic changes. Br Med J. 1956 Jul 28;2(4986):197–200. doi: 10.1136/bmj.2.4986.197. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. BROWN E. B., Jr Physiological effects of hyperventilation. Physiol Rev. 1953 Oct;33(4):445–471. doi: 10.1152/physrev.1953.33.4.445. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Bauermeister D. E., Jennings E. R., Cruse D. R., Sedgwick V. D. Hypercalcemia with seizures--a clinical paradox. JAMA. 1967 Jul 10;201(2):132–133. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Biglieri E. G., McIlroy M. B. Abnormalities of renal function and circulatory reflexes in primary aldosteronism. Circulation. 1966 Jan;33(1):78–86. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.33.1.78. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Boyer J., Gill G. N., Epstein F. H. Hyperglycemia and hyperosmolality complicating peritoneal dialysis. Ann Intern Med. 1967 Sep;67(3):568–572. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-67-3-568. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. CAMPBELL G. S. Cardiac arrest: further studies on the effect of pH changes on vagal inhibition of the heart. Surgery. 1955 Sep;38(3):615–634. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. CAMPBELL, HOULE D. B., CRISP N. W., Jr, WEIL M. H., BROWN E. B., Jr Depressed response to intravenous sympathicomimetic agents in humans during acidosis. Dis Chest. 1958 Jan;33(1):18–22. doi: 10.1378/chest.33.1.18. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. CHASIS H., GOLDRING W. Salt and protein restriction; effects on blood pressure and renal hemodynamics in hypertensive patients. J Am Med Assoc. 1950 Mar 11;142(10):711–715. doi: 10.1001/jama.1950.02910280019004. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. CLARKE E., EVANS B. M., MACINTYRE I., MILNE M. D. Acidosis in experimental electrolyte depletion. Clin Sci. 1955 Aug;14(3):421–440. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. CLARK J. A., DAVIDSON L. J., FERGUSON H. C. Psychosis in hypoparathyroidism. J Ment Sci. 1962 Nov;108:811–815. doi: 10.1192/bjp.108.457.811. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. CLARKSON B., KOWLESSAR O. D., HORWITH M., SLEISENGER M. H. Clinical and metabolic study of a patient with malabsorption and hypoparathyroidism. Metabolism. 1960 Dec;9:1093–1106. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. COHEN J., SCHWARTZ R., WALLACE W. M. Lesions of epiphyseal cartilage and skeletal muscle in rats on a diet deficient in potassium. AMA Arch Pathol. 1952 Aug;54(2):119–131. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. COHN R., KOLB L. C., MULDER D. W. Electroencephalographic changes induced by water intoxication. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1947 Nov;106(5):513–536. doi: 10.1097/00005053-194710650-00001. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Caddell J. L., Goddard D. R. Studies in protein-calorie malnutriton. I. Chemical evidence for magnesium deficiency. N Engl J Med. 1967 Mar 9;276(10):533–535. doi: 10.1056/NEJM196703092761001. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. DEMUTH W. E., Jr, ROTTENSTEIN H. S. DEATH ASSOCIATED WITH HYPOCALCEMIA AFTER SMALL-BOWEL SHORT CIRCUITING. N Engl J Med. 1964 Jun 4;270:1239–1240. doi: 10.1056/NEJM196406042702308. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. DENT C. E., GARRETTS M. Skin changes in hypocalcaemia. Lancet. 1960 Jan 16;1(7116):142–146. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(60)90058-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. DENT C. E. Some problems of hyperparathyroidism. Br Med J. 1962 Dec 1;2(5317):1419–1425. doi: 10.1136/bmj.2.5317.1419. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. DIETRICH F. S., RICE M. L., Jr, LUTON E. F. Clinical manifestations of idiopathic hypoparathyroidism: report of one case. Ann Intern Med. 1952 Nov;37(5):1052–1063. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-37-5-1052. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Douglas W. W. The mechanism of release of catecholamines from the adrenal medulla. Pharmacol Rev. 1966 Mar;18(1):471–480. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Dulfano M. J., Ishikawa S. Hypercapnia: mental changes and extrapulmonary complication. An expanded concept of the "CO-2 intoxication" syndrome. Ann Intern Med. 1965 Nov;63(5):829–841. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-63-5-829. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. EARLE D. P., SHERRY S., EICHNA L. W., CONAN N. J. Low potassium syndrome due to defective renal tubular mechanisms for handling potassium. Am J Med. 1951 Sep;11(3):283–301. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(51)90166-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. EDGE W. E. HYPOCALCAEMIA IN INFANCY, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO CARDIAC FAILURE. S Afr Med J. 1963 Mar 9;37:262–264. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. EDWARDS G. A., DAUM S. M. Increased spinal fluid protein in hyperparathyroidism and other hypercalcemic states. AMA Arch Intern Med. 1959 Jul;104(1):29–36. doi: 10.1001/archinte.1959.00270070031004. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. ELIEL L. P., PEARSON O. H., WHITE F. C. Postoperative potassium deficit and metabolic alkalosis; the pathogenic significance of operative trauma and of potassium and phosphorus deprivation. J Clin Invest. 1952 Apr;31(4):419–432. doi: 10.1172/JCI102625. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. ELMAN R., SHATZ B. A., KEATING R. E., WEICHSELBAUM T. E. Intracellular and extracellular potassium deficits in surgical patients. Ann Surg. 1952 Jul;136(1):111–131. doi: 10.1097/00000658-195207000-00012. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. ENGEL F. L., MARTIN S. P., TAYLOR H. On the relation of potassium to the neurological manifestations of hypocalcemic tetany. Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp. 1949 Apr;84(4):285–301. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Earll J. M., Kurtzman N. A., Moser R. H. Hypercalcemia and hypertension. Ann Intern Med. 1966 Feb;64(2):378–381. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-64-2-378. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Elkinton J. R., Winkler A. W., Danowski T. S. THE IMPORTANCE OF VOLUME AND OF TONICITY OF THE BODY FLUIDS IN SALT DEPLETION SHOCK. J Clin Invest. 1947 Sep;26(5):1002–1009. doi: 10.1172/JCI101866. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Elkinton J. R., Winkler A. W., Danowski T. S. TRANSFERS OF CELL SODIUM AND POTASSIUM IN EXPERIMENTAL AND CLINICAL CONDITIONS. J Clin Invest. 1948 Jan;27(1):74–81. doi: 10.1172/JCI101926. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Emanuel M., Metcalf R. G. Quadriplegia in hyperpotassemia. J Maine Med Assoc. 1966 Jul;57(7):134–138. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Estep H., Shaw W. A., Watlington C., Hobe R., Holland W., Tucker S. G. Hypocalcemia due to hypomagnesemia and reversible parathyroid hormone unresponsiveness. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1969 Jun;29(6):842–848. doi: 10.1210/jcem-29-6-842. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. FINBERG L., HARRISON H. E. Hypernatremia in infants; an evaluation of the clinical and biochemical findings accompanying this state. Pediatrics. 1955 Jul;16(1):1–14. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. FINBERG L., KILEY J., LUTTRELL C. N. Mass accidental salt poisoning in infancy. A study of a hospital disaster. JAMA. 1963 Apr 20;184:187–190. doi: 10.1001/jama.1963.03700160063009. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. FINBERG L., LUTTRELL C., REDD H. Pathogenesis of lesions in the nervous system in hypernatremic states. II. Experimental studies of gross anatomic changes and alterations of chemical composition of the tissues. Pediatrics. 1959 Jan;23(1 Pt 1):46–53. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. FINK W. J., FINFROCK J. D. Fatal hyperparathyroid crisis associated with pancreatitis. Am Surg. 1961 Jun;27:424–430. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. FISHMAN R. A. NEUROLOGICAL ASPECTS OF MAGNESIUM METABOLISM. Arch Neurol. 1965 Jun;12:562–569. doi: 10.1001/archneur.1965.00460300010002. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. FITZ T. E., HALLMAN B. L. Mental changes associated with hyperparathyroidism; report of two cases. AMA Arch Intern Med. 1952 Apr;89(4):547–551. doi: 10.1001/archinte.1952.00240040026003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. FLINK E. B., McCOLLISTER R., PRASAD A. S., MELBY J. C., DOE R. P. Evidences for clinical magnesium deficiency. Ann Intern Med. 1957 Nov;47(5):956–968. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-47-5-956. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. FLINK E. B., STUTZMAN F. L., ANDERSON A. R., KONIG T., FRASER R. Magnesium deficiency after prolonged parenteral fluid administration and after chronic alcoholism complicated by delirium tremens. J Lab Clin Med. 1954 Feb;43(2):169–183. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. FOURMAN P. Experimental observations on the tetany of potassium deficiency. Lancet. 1954 Sep 11;267(6837):525–528. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(54)90313-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. FOURMAN P., LEESON P. M. Thirst and polyuria, with a note on the effects of potassium deficiency and calcium excess. Lancet. 1959 Feb 7;1(7067):268–271. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(59)90198-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. FOYE L. V., Jr, FEICHTMEIR T. V. Adrenal cortical carcinoma producing solely mineralocorticoid effect. Am J Med. 1955 Dec;19(6):966–975. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(55)90163-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. FRAME B., HAUBRICH W. S. Peptic ulcer and hyperparathyroidism: a survey of 300 ulcer patients. Arch Intern Med. 1960 Apr;105:536–541. doi: 10.1001/archinte.1960.00270160034006. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. FRAME B. PARKINSONISM IN POSTOPERATIVE HYPOPARATHYROIDISM. Arch Intern Med. 1965 Sep;116:424–427. doi: 10.1001/archinte.1965.03870030104017. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. GLASER G. H. SODIUM AND SEIZURES. Epilepsia. 1964 Jun;5:97–111. doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1964.tb03320.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. GOODYER A. V., GOODKIND M. J., STANLEY E. J. THE EFFECTS OF ABNORMAL CONCENTRATIONS OF THE SERUM ELECTROLYTES ON LEFT VENTRICULAR FUNCTION IN THE INTACT ANIMAL. Am Heart J. 1964 Jun;67:779–791. doi: 10.1016/0002-8703(64)90179-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. GRANT J. L., MACDONALD A., BROVENDER S. R., YANKOPOULOS N. HYPOADRENOCORTICOTROPISM WITH HYPONATREMIA, RESEMBLINE ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE EXCESS. Ann Intern Med. 1965 Sep;63:486–494. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-63-3-486. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. GREENWALD J. H., DUBIN A., CARDON L. HYPOMAGNESEMIC TETANY DUE TO EXCESSIVE LACTATION. Am J Med. 1963 Dec;35:854–860. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(63)90247-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. GROB D., JOHNS R. J., LILJESTRAND A. Potassium movement in patients with familial periodic paralysis: relationship to the defect in muscle function. Am J Med. 1957 Sep;23(3):356–375. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(57)90316-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. GRUMER H. A., DERRYBERRY W., DUBIN A., WALDSTEIN S. S. Idiopathic, episodic inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone. Am J Med. 1962 Jun;32:954–963. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(62)90042-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. GUEST G. M., MACKLER B., KNOWLES H. C., Jr Effects of acidosis on insulin action and on carbohydrate and mineral metabolism. Diabetes. 1952 Jul-Aug;1(4):276–282. doi: 10.2337/diab.1.4.276. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Gitelman H. J., Graham J. B., Welt L. G. A new familial disorder characterized by hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia. Trans Assoc Am Physicians. 1966;79:221–235. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Gross E. G., Dexter J. D., Roth R. G. Hypokalemic myopathy with myoglobinuria associated with licorice ingestion. N Engl J Med. 1966 Mar 17;274(11):602–606. doi: 10.1056/NEJM196603172741104. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. HADDY F. J., SCOTT J. B., FLORIO M. A., DAUGHERTY R. M., Jr, HUIZENGA J. N. Local vascular effects of hypokalemia, alkalosis, hypercalcemia, and hypomagnesemia. Am J Physiol. 1963 Feb;204:202–212. doi: 10.1152/ajplegacy.1963.204.2.202. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. HERNDON R. F., MERONEY W. H., PEARSON C. M. The electrocardiographic effects of alterations in concentration of plasma chemicals. Am Heart J. 1955 Aug;50(2):188–202. doi: 10.1016/0002-8703(55)90315-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. HOAGLAND H., STONE D. Brain and muscle potassium in relation to stressful activities and adrenal cortex function. Am J Physiol. 1948 Feb 1;152(2):423–435. doi: 10.1152/ajplegacy.1948.152.2.423. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. HOUGHTON B. J., PEARS M. A. Chronic potassium depletion due to purgation with cascara. Br Med J. 1958 Jun 7;1(5083):1328–1330. doi: 10.1136/bmj.1.5083.1328. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. HUTH E. J., SQUIRES R. D. The relation of cardiovascular phenomena to metabolic changes in a patient with chronic hypokalemia. Circulation. 1956 Jul;14(1):60–71. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.14.1.60. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Haddy F. J., Scott J. B. Metabolically linked vasoactive chemicals in local regulation of blood flow. Physiol Rev. 1968 Oct;48(4):688–707. doi: 10.1152/physrev.1968.48.4.688. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Hogan G. R., Dodge P. R., Gill S. R., Master S., Sotos J. F. Pathogenesis of seizures occurring during restoration of plasma tonicity to normal in animals previously chronically hypernatremic. Pediatrics. 1969 Jan;43(1):54–64. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. JAENIKE J. R., WATERHOUSE C. The renal response to sustained administration of vasopressin and water in man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1961 Mar;21:231–242. doi: 10.1210/jcem-21-3-231. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. KARPATI G., FRAME B. NEUROPSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS IN PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM. CLINICAL ANALYSIS WITH REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE. Arch Neurol. 1964 Apr;10:387–397. doi: 10.1001/archneur.1964.00460160057005. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. KASTIN A. J., LIPSETT M. B., OMMAYA A. K., MOSER J. M., Jr ASYMPTOMATIC HYPERNATREMIA: PHYSIOLOGICAL AND CLINICAL STUDY. Am J Med. 1965 Feb;38:306–315. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(65)90185-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. KILBURN K. H. NEUROLOGIC MANIFESTATIONS OF RESPIRATORY FAILURE. Arch Intern Med. 1965 Sep;116:409–415. doi: 10.1001/archinte.1965.03870030089015. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. KLEPPEL N. H., GOLDSTEIN M. H., LEVEEN H. H. HYPERCALCEMIC CRISIS AND PANCREATITIS IN PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM. JAMA. 1965 Jun 7;192:916–918. doi: 10.1001/jama.1965.03080230122027. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. LANS H. S., STEIN I. F., Jr, MEYER K. A. Diagnosis, treatment, and prophylaxis of potassium deficiency in surgical patients; analysis of 404 cases. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1952 Sep;95(3):321–330. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. LEITER L., WESTON R. E., GROSSMAN J. The low sodium syndrome: its origins and varieties. Bull N Y Acad Med. 1953 Nov;29(11):833–845. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. LEVINE H. D. Electrolyte imbalance and the electrocardiogram. Mod Concepts Cardiovasc Dis. 1954 Nov;23(11):246–249. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. LEVINE H. D., WANZER S. H., MERRILL J. P. Dialyzable currents of injury in potassium intoxication resembling acute myocardial infarction or pericarditis. Circulation. 1956 Jan;13(1):29–36. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.13.1.29. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. LEVIN P. Intracranial calcification associated with hypoparathyroidism. Bull N Y Acad Med. 1962 Sep;38:632–637. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  74. LEVIN P., KUNIN A. S., DONAGHY R. M., HAMILTON W. W., MAURER J. J. Intracranial calcification and hypoparathyroidism. Neurology. 1961 Dec;11:1076–1080. doi: 10.1212/wnl.11.12.1076. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  75. Layzer R. B., Lovelace R. E., Rowland L. P. Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis. Arch Neurol. 1967 May;16(5):455–472. doi: 10.1001/archneur.1967.00470230007002. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  76. Lubin M. Intracellular potassium and macromolecular synthesis in mammalian cells. Nature. 1967 Feb 4;213(5075):451–453. doi: 10.1038/213451a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  77. MACDONALD F. M., SIMONSON E. Human electrocardiogram during and after inhalation of thirty per cent carbon dioxide. J Appl Physiol. 1953 Nov;6(5):304–310. doi: 10.1152/jappl.1953.6.5.304. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  78. MANITIUS A., LEVITIN H., BECK D., EPSTEIN F. H. On the mechanism of impairment of renal concentrating ability in potassium deficiency. J Clin Invest. 1960 Apr;39:684–692. doi: 10.1172/JCI104084. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  79. MOLL F. C., SKINNER A. L. Hypernatremia accompanying infant diarrhea. AMA J Dis Child. 1956 Dec;92(6):562–575. doi: 10.1001/archpedi.1956.02060030556004. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  80. MOSTELLAR M. E., TUTTLE E. P., Jr EFFECTS OF ALKALOSIS ON PLASMA CONCENTRATION AND URINARY EXCRETION OF INORGANIC PHOSPHATE IN MAN. J Clin Invest. 1964 Jan;43:138–149. doi: 10.1172/JCI104888. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  81. MUEHRCKE R. C., ROSEN S. HYPOKALEMIC NEPHROPATHY IN RAT AND MAN: A LIGHT AND ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDY. Lab Invest. 1964 Nov;13:1359–1373. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  82. MacDonald F. M. Respiratory acidosis. Arch Intern Med. 1965 Nov;116(5):689–698. doi: 10.1001/archinte.1965.03870050043008. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  83. Mohamed S. D., Chapman R. S., Crooks J. Hypokalaemia, flaccid quadruparesis, and myoglobinuria with carbenoxolone (biogastrone). Br Med J. 1966 Jun 25;1(5503):1581–1582. doi: 10.1136/bmj.1.5503.1581. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  84. Morris-Jones P. H., Houston I. B., Evans R. C. Prognosis of the neurological complications of acute hypernatraemia. Lancet. 1967 Dec 30;2(7531):1385–1389. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(67)93022-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  85. Oliva P. B. Lactic acidosis. Am J Med. 1970 Feb;48(2):209–225. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(70)90117-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  86. PETERSEN V. P. POTASSIUM AND MAGNESIUM TURNOVER IN MAGNESIUM DEFICIENCY. Acta Med Scand. 1963 Nov;174:595–604. doi: 10.1111/j.0954-6820.1963.tb07959.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  88. POLLEN R. H., WILLIAMS R. H. Hyperkalemic neuromyopathy in Addison's disease. N Engl J Med. 1960 Aug 11;263:273–278. doi: 10.1056/NEJM196008112630603. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  89. Pick A. Arrhythmias and potassium in man. Am Heart J. 1966 Sep;72(3):295–306. doi: 10.1016/s0002-8703(66)80003-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  90. Pomeranz B. H., Birtch A. G., Barger A. C. Neural contrfl of intrarenal blood flow. Am J Physiol. 1968 Nov;215(5):1067–1081. doi: 10.1152/ajplegacy.1968.215.5.1067. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  91. Posner J. B., Plum F. Spinal-fluid pH and neurologic symptoms in systemic acidosis. N Engl J Med. 1967 Sep 21;277(12):605–613. doi: 10.1056/NEJM196709212771201. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  92. RANDALL R. E., Jr, COHEN M. D., SPRAY C. C., Jr, ROSSMEISL E. C. HYPERMAGNESEMIA IN RENAL FAILURE. ETIOLOGY AND TOXIC MANIFESTATIONS. Ann Intern Med. 1964 Jul;61:73–88. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-61-1-73. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  93. RANDALL R. E., Jr, ROSSMEISL E. C., BLEIFER K. H. Magnesium depletion in man. Ann Intern Med. 1959 Feb;50(2):257–287. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-50-2-257. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  94. READ A. E., LAIDLAW J., HASLAM R. M., SHERLOCK S. Neuropsychiatric complications following chlorothiazide therapy in patients with hepatic cirrhosis: possible relation to hypokalaemia. Clin Sci. 1959 Aug;18:409–423. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  95. RELMAN A. S., SCHWARTZ W. B. The kidney in potassium depletion. Am J Med. 1958 May;24(5):764–773. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(58)90379-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  96. RICH M., SCHEINBERG P., BELLE M. S. Relationship between cerebrospinal fluid pressure changes and cerebral blood flow. Circ Res. 1953 Sep;1(5):389–395. doi: 10.1161/01.res.1.5.389. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  97. ROTHERAM E. B., Jr, SAFAR P., ROBIN E. CNS DISORDER DURING MECHANICAL VENTILATION IN CHRONIC PULMONARY DISEASE. JAMA. 1964 Sep 28;189:993–996. doi: 10.1001/jama.1964.03070130013003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  98. RUBINI M. E. Water excrtion in potassium-deficient man. J Clin Invest. 1961 Dec;40:2215–2224. doi: 10.1172/JCI104448. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  99. SARMA R. N. UNUSUALLY TALL AND NARROW U WAVES SIMULATING HYPERKALEMIC T WAVES; REPORT OF 2 CASES OF HYPOCHLOREMIC ALKALOSIS WITH HYPOKALEMIA. Am Heart J. 1965 Sep;70:397–401. doi: 10.1016/0002-8703(65)90189-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  100. SCHWARTZ E., FOGEL R. L., CHOKAS W. V., PANARIELLO V. A. Unstable osmolar homeostasis with and without renal sodium wastage. Am J Med. 1962 Jul;33:39–53. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(62)90275-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  101. SCHWARTZ W. B., BENNETT W., CURELOP S., BARTTER F. C. A syndrome of renal sodium loss and hyponatremia probably resulting from inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone. Am J Med. 1957 Oct;23(4):529–542. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(57)90224-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  102. SCOTT J. C., Jr, WELCH J. S., BERMAN I. B. WATER INTOXICATION AND SODIUM DEPLETION IN SURGICAL PATIENTS. Obstet Gynecol. 1965 Aug;26:168–175. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  103. SHANES A. M. Electrochemical aspects of physiological and pharmacological action in excitable cells. II. The action potential and excitation. Pharmacol Rev. 1958 Jun;10(2):165–273. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  104. SHILS M. E. EXPERIMENTAL HUMAN MAGNESIUM DEPLETION. I. CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS AND BLOOD CHEMISTRY ALTERATIONS. Am J Clin Nutr. 1964 Sep;15:133–143. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/15.3.133. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  105. SIEKER H. O., HICKAM J. B. Carbon dioxide intoxication: the clinical syndrome, its etiology and management with particular reference to the use of mechanical respirators. Medicine (Baltimore) 1956 Dec;35(4):389–423. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  106. SIMPSON J. A. The neurological manifestation of idiopathic hypoparathyroidism. Brain. 1952 Mar;75(1):76–90. doi: 10.1093/brain/75.1.76. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  107. SMITH W. O., HAMMARSTEN J. F. Intracellular magnesium in delirium tremens and uremia. Am J Med Sci. 1959 Apr;237(4):413–417. doi: 10.1097/00000441-195904000-00001. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  108. STEPHENS F. I. Paralysis due to reduced serum potassium concentration during treatment of diabetic acidosis; report of case treated with 33 grams of potassium chloride intravenously. Ann Intern Med. 1949 Jun;30(6):1272–1286. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-30-6-1272. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  109. SURAWICZ B., BRAUN H. A., CRUM W. B., KEMP R. L., WAGNER S., BELLET S. Clinical manifestations of hypopotassemia. Am J Med Sci. 1957 Jun;233(6):603–616. doi: 10.1097/00000441-195706000-00001. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  110. SVANE-KNUDSEN P. Severe secondary ocular changes in a patient suffering from idiopathic hypoparathyroidism and pernicious anaemia. Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh) 1959;37:560–567. doi: 10.1111/j.1755-3768.1959.tb03469.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  111. Schaaf M., Payne C. A. Dystonic reactions to prochlorperazine in hypoparathyroidism. N Engl J Med. 1966 Nov 3;275(18):991–995. doi: 10.1056/NEJM196611032751805. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  112. Segar W. E. Chronic hyperosmolality. A condition resulting from absence of thirst, defective osmoregulation, and limited ability to concentrate urine. Am J Dis Child. 1966 Oct;112(4):318–327. doi: 10.1001/archpedi.1966.02090130092008. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  113. Shils M. E. Experimental human magnesium depletion. Medicine (Baltimore) 1969 Jan;48(1):61–85. doi: 10.1097/00005792-196901000-00003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  114. Silberschmid M., Saito S., Smith L. L. Circulatory effects of acute lactic acidosis in dogs prior to and after hemorrhage. Am J Surg. 1966 Aug;112(2):175–182. doi: 10.1016/0002-9610(66)90006-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  115. Surawicz B. Relationship between electrocardiogram and electrolytes. Am Heart J. 1967 Jun;73(6):814–834. doi: 10.1016/0002-8703(67)90233-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  116. THOMAS W. C., Jr, WISWELL J. G., CONNOR T. B., HOWARD J. E. Hypercalcemic crisis due to hyperparathyroidism. Am J Med. 1958 Feb;24(2):229–239. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(58)90312-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  117. THOMAS W. C., Jr, WISWELL J. G., CONNOR T. B., HOWARD J. E. Hypercalcemic crisis due to hyperparathyroidism. Am J Med. 1958 Feb;24(2):229–239. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(58)90312-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  118. THROWER W. B., DARBY T. D., ALDINGER E. E. Acid-base derangements and myocardial contractility. Effects as a complication of shock. Arch Surg. 1961 Jan;82:56–65. doi: 10.1001/archsurg.1961.01300070060008. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  119. Ui M. A role of phosphofructokinase in pH-dependent regulation of glycolysis. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1966 Aug 24;124(2):310–322. doi: 10.1016/0304-4165(66)90194-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  120. Voss D. M., Drake E. H. Cardiac manifestations of hyperparathyroidism, with presentation of a previously unreported arrhythmia. Am Heart J. 1967 Feb;73(2):235–239. doi: 10.1016/0002-8703(67)90154-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  121. WACKER W. E., VALLEE B. L. Magnesium metabolism. N Engl J Med. 1958 Sep 4;259(10):475–concl. doi: 10.1056/NEJM195809042591005. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  122. WAGENER H. P. The ocular manifestations of hypercalcemia. Am J Med Sci. 1956 Feb;231(2):218–230. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  123. WAIFE S. O. Parathyrotoxicosis, the syndrome of acute hyperparathyroidism. Am J Med Sci. 1949 Dec;218(6):624-35, illust. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  124. WALSH F. B., MURRAY R. G. Ocular manifestations of disturbances in calcium metabolism. Am J Ophthalmol. 1953 Dec;36(12):1657–1676. doi: 10.1016/0002-9394(53)90001-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  125. WELLS G. C. Skin disorders in relation to malabsorption. Br Med J. 1962 Oct 13;2(5310):937–943. doi: 10.1136/bmj.2.5310.937. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  126. WILDER W. T., FRAME B., HAUBRICH W. S. Peptic ulcer in primary hyperparathyroidism. An analysis of fifty-two cases. Ann Intern Med. 1961 Dec;55:885–893. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-55-6-885. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  127. WILSON R. E., BERNHARD W. F., POLET H., MOORE F. D. HYPERPARATHYROIDISM: THE PROBLEM OF ACUTE PARATHYROID INTOXICATION. Ann Surg. 1964 Jan;159:79–93. doi: 10.1097/00000658-196401000-00018. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  128. WRONG O., DAVIES H. E. The excretion of acid in renal disease. Q J Med. 1959 Apr;28(110):259–313. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  129. YU P. N. G. The electrocardiographic changes associated with hypercalcemia and hypocalcemia. Am J Med Sci. 1952 Oct;224(4):413–423. doi: 10.1097/00000441-195210000-00008. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine are provided here courtesy of Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine

RESOURCES