To the Editor: Inquilinus limosus, a new multidrug-resistant species, was reported in 1999 as an unidentified gram-negative bacterium in a lung transplant patient with cystic fibrosis (CF) (1). This species was later characterized by the description of 7 new isolates of I. limosus and 1 isolate of Inquilinus sp (2). Infections and colonizations by I. limosus have been documented mainly in adolescent or adult patients with CF. To date, 8 clinical cases have been described in Germany (3,4), 1 case in the United States (1), 5 cases in France (5), and 1 case in the United Kingdom (6) (Table). Only 1 isolate of Inquilinus sp. has been recovered from blood samples of a patient without CF who had prosthetic valve endocarditis (7).
Table. Clinical and epidemiologic features of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients with Inquilinus limosus*.
| Case no. | Age, y/sex | Lung transplant | Positive samples | Clinical manifestation (first isolation) | Growth on MacConkey agar | Growth on selective agar (d) | Phenotypic identification† | Other associated pathogens | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 22/F | Yes | Lung explant, BAL, sputum | Pneumonia | Poor | ND | AR | PA, PM | (1) |
| 2 | 17/M | No | Sputum | Stable | No | Yes (6 d) | SP | SA, PA, CA | (3) |
| 3 | 14/F | No | Sputum | Stable | No | Yes (5 d) | SP | PA, AF, CA | (3) |
| 4 | 12/M | No | Sputum | Stable | ND | Yes (ND) | SP | PA, SM, SA, AX | (5) |
| 5 | 13/F | No | Sputum | Exacerbation | ND | Yes (ND) | SP | PA, SA, AF | (5) |
| 6 | 8/M | No | Sputum | Stable | ND | Yes (ND) | SP | PA | (5) |
| 7 | 10/M | No | Sputum | Stable | ND | Yes (ND) | SP | None | (5) |
| 8 | 18/M | No | Sputum | Exacerbation | ND | Yes (ND) | AR | PA, SA, AF | (5) |
| 9 | 16/F | No | Sputum | Severe exacerbation | ND | ND | PA | PA | (4) |
| 10 | 19/M | No | Sputum | Stable | ND | ND | ND | PA | (4) |
| 11 | 17/F | No | Sputum | Exacerbation | ND | ND | ND | PA, CA, AF | (4) |
| 12 | 20/F | No | Sputum | Exacerbation | ND | ND | ND | PA, SA, CA, AF | (4) |
| 13 | 17/F | No | Sputum | Stable | ND | ND | ND | PA, SA, SM, CA, AF | (4) |
| 14 | 35/M | No | Sputum | Respiratory decline | ND | ND | PA | PA, SM, SMA | (4) |
| 15 | 17/F | No | Sputum | Stable | No | Yes (4 d) | SP | CA | This study |
| 16 | 2/M | No | Sputum | Productive cough | No | Yes (3 d) | SP | SA, HI | This study |
| 17 | 21/M | No | Sputum | Exacerbation | No | Yes (3 d) | AR | PA, AF | This study |
| 18 | 15/M | No | Sputum | Fever and thoracic pain | No | Yes (3 d) | AR | SA | This study |
*BAL, bronchoalveolar lavage; ND, not determined; AR, Agrobacterium radiobacter; PA, Pseudomonas aeruginosa; PM, Proteus mirabilis; SP, Sphingomonas paucimobilis; SA, Staphylococcus aureus; CA, Candida albicans; AF, Aspergillus fumigatus; SM, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia; AX, Achromobacter xylosoxidans; SMA, Serratia marcescens; HI, Haemophilus influenzae. †Phenotypic identification was obtained by using the BIOLOG GN MicroPlate assay (BIOLOG Inc., Hayward, CA, USA) for case 1 and the API 20NE kit system (bioMérieux, Marcy l’Etoile, France) for cases 2–8 and 15–18.
Because this bacterium is not recorded in all commercial identification system databases currently available, a longitudinal study for I. limosus detection with a new real-time PCR assay with a Taqman probe (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA), that targets the 16S rRNA gene, has been developed and compared with the culture isolation. Primers il1d (5′-TAATACGAAGGGGGCAAGCGT-3′) and il1r (5′-CACCCTCTCTTGGATTCAAGC-3′) and probe ilProbe (6FAM-GGTTCGTTGCGTCAGATGTGAAAG-TAMRA), which were used in this study, were designed on the basis of multisequence alignment of all I. limosus 16S rDNA sequences available in the GenBank database.
To confirm specificity, the primers and probe were checked by using the BLAST program (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/blast/Blast.cgi) and also by using suspension of several bacteria recovered habitually in patients with CF. For sensitivity of the Taqman PCR assay (Applied Biosystems), the minimal CFU detectable was 2 CFU/PCR. From January 2006 through June 2007, 365 sputum samples recovered from 84 children and 61 adults with CF and 71 sputum samples recovered from 54 patients without CF were screened blindly for I. limosus. By using our real-time PCR, we detected 9 I. limosus-positive samples from 4 patients with CF (Table); 8 of these samples were also culture positive. However, all sputum samples from patients without CF were negative. In 1 patient (Table, case 17), I. limosus was detected by using real-time PCR 3 months before the culture was positive. Retrospectively, the patient’s medical file was rechecked and his clinical respiratory condition worsened briefly at that stage, which indicates an infection by this bacterium. Thus, in our study, the incidence of I. limosus was 2.8% (4.9% for adults with CF and 1.2% for children with CF). The incidence of Burkholderia cepacia complex during the same period and in the same patients was 2.1% (3 adults with CF were positive, data not shown).
The genus Inquilinus belongs to the α-Proteobacteria; the genus Azospirillum is the most closely related bacteria (2). This cluster of bacteria contains several strains that are able to grow under saline conditions and in biofilms (8,9). The mucoid phenotype of I. limosus may contribute to its colonization and resistance to many antimicrobial drugs. Recently, the exopolysaccharides (EPS) produced by I. limosus were studied. The authors indicated that I. limosus produces mainly 2 EPSs that exhibit the same charge per sugar residue present in alginate, the EPS produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in patients with CF. This similarity may be related to common features of the EPS produced by these 2 opportunistic pathogens that are related to lung infections (10). Transmission of I. limosus between patients with CF is not known, but in the report from Chiron et al., 1 of the 5 patients with I. limosus had a brother who had never been colonized with this bacterium despite living in the same home (5). Schmoldt et al. reported that 3 patients were treated in the same outpatient CF clinic during overlapping time periods and each patient was infected/colonized by an individual I. limosus clone, which suggests that there was no transmission among these patients (4). This bacterium has been recovered mainly from sputum of adolescents (mean age 17 ± 6.47 years, range 8–35), except in our study with a 2-year-old boy, which suggests that this emerging bacterium may be hospital acquired, as recently suggested (7). Because this bacterium is multiresistant to several antimicrobial drugs, particularly colistin, which is widely used for treatment for P. aeruginosa colonization (as was the case for our 4 patients), we hypothesize that this bacterium is selected during the evolution of the disease.
We have developed a real-time PCR molecular method that is faster and easier than amplification-sequencing for prompt detection and accurate identification of I. limosus with good specificity and sensitivity. By using this screening assay, we identified 4 additional cases of patients with CF who were also infected with this bacterium, including a 2-year-old child. In addition, by using this technique, we were able to detect I. limosus in a patient with deteriorated respiratory function 3 months before the culture-based isolation, indicating that a low bacterial load, insufficient for being isolated in culture, can be detected by PCR in the lower respiratory tract of patients with CF.
Acknowledgments
This work was partly funded by the French Association Vaincre La Mucoviscidose.
Biography
Mr Bittar is a PhD student at URMITE UMR, Faculty of Medicine of Marseille. His research interest is mainly detection and description of new or emerging pathogens in cystic fibrosis patients.
Footnotes
Suggested citation for this article: Bittar F, Leydier A, Bosdure E, Toro A, Reynaud-Gaubert M, Boniface S, et al. Inquilinus limosus and cystic fibrosis. Emerg Infect Dis [serial on the Internet] 2008 Jun [date cited]. Available from http://www.cdc.gov/EID/content/14/6/993.htm
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