Ratio of transmission to growth mutants, R, with and without pleiotropic effects. We show a situation where a growth mutation leads to a reduction in survival (, a transmission mutation leads to a reduction in growth rate , dashed line), and for both growth and transmission mutations, a reduction in the other trait occurs , dashed-dotted line). For comparison, we also plot the case of no pleiotropy (, shaded line). In all cases, . Changing either or decreases or increases the slope of R, as seen from Equations 8 and 13.