Phylogenetic tree and divergence time estimate of mtDNA sequences. (A) Bayesian phylogenetic tree of complete mtDNA sequences of the Neandertal, 10 extant humans, one chimpanzee, and one bonobo. Identical topologies for the Neandertal and chimpanzee/bonobo split are produced by each tree-building methods. The Bayesian posterior probability and the bootstrap support values are shown for two internal nodes. (B) Posterior distribution of divergence times at each internal node using a 6–8 Mya for the ape/hominid divergence (blue node). The extant human divergences are shown in black, the Neandertal/human divergence in red, the chimpanzee/bonobo divergence in yellow, and the ape/hominid in blue.