Abstract
Children exposed to traumatic stress are vulnerable to a variety of stress-related disorders other than classical post-traumatic stress disorder. Several case histories are presented to illustrate some of the diversity of how traumatic stress may manifest in children. African-American children are the main focus of this article as political, economic, social, and morbidity and mortality indicators suggest that African-American children are at high risk for exposure to potentially traumatic stressors. Different presentations of traumatic, stress are discussed in an effort to broaden our understanding of the outcome of traumatic stress to fully help traumatized children.
Full text
PDF![335](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/b2e2/2608169/289d98c3736c/jnma00372-0057.png)
![336](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/b2e2/2608169/0ac958942dda/jnma00372-0058.png)
![337](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/b2e2/2608169/c1ac2ee12f0e/jnma00372-0059.png)
![338](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/b2e2/2608169/e53ddc2252b7/jnma00372-0060.png)
![339](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/b2e2/2608169/e0541c0c0669/jnma00372-0061.png)
![340](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/b2e2/2608169/e02680b15f5b/jnma00372-0062.png)
Selected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- Bell C. C., Jenkins E. J. Community violence and children on Chicago's southside. Psychiatry. 1993 Feb;56(1):46–54. doi: 10.1080/00332747.1993.11024620. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Bell C. C., Jenkins E. J. Traumatic stress and children. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 1991 Summer;2(1):175–188. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Burton D., Foy D., Bwanausi C., Johnson J., Moore L. The relationship between traumatic exposure, family dysfunction, and post-traumatic stress symptoms in male juvenile offenders. J Trauma Stress. 1994 Jan;7(1):83–93. doi: 10.1007/BF02111914. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Fitzpatrick K. M., Boldizar J. P. The prevalence and consequences of exposure to violence among African-American youth. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1993 Mar;32(2):424–430. doi: 10.1097/00004583-199303000-00026. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Goenjian A. K., Pynoos R. S., Steinberg A. M., Najarian L. M., Asarnow J. R., Karayan I., Ghurabi M., Fairbanks L. A. Psychiatric comorbidity in children after the 1988 earthquake in Armenia. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1995 Sep;34(9):1174–1184. doi: 10.1097/00004583-199509000-00015. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hammond W. R., Yung B. R. Preventing violence in at-risk African-American youth. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 1991 Winter;2(3):359–373. doi: 10.1353/hpu.2010.0341. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Osofsky J. D., Wewers S., Hann D. M., Fick A. C. Chronic community violence: what is happening to our children? Psychiatry. 1993 Feb;56(1):36–45. doi: 10.1080/00332747.1993.11024619. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Richters J. E., Martinez P. The NIMH community violence project: I. Children as victims of and witnesses to violence. Psychiatry. 1993 Feb;56(1):7–21. doi: 10.1080/00332747.1993.11024617. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Shore J. H., Tatum E. L., Vollmer W. M. Psychiatric reactions to disaster: the Mount St. Helens experience. Am J Psychiatry. 1986 May;143(5):590–595. doi: 10.1176/ajp.143.5.590. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]