Skip to main content
Journal of the National Medical Association logoLink to Journal of the National Medical Association
letter
. 1988 Sep;80(9):961–969.

Treatment of Hypercholesterolemia in Black Patients

Jackson T Wright Jr, James M McKenney, Albert J Wasserman
PMCID: PMC2625850  PMID: 3071613

Abstract

The treatment of hypercholesterolemia in the black patient will be the next public health challenge facing physicians in the black community. Cost-effective care of hypercholesterolemia will be necessary and is possible, but it will require skill in the use of available therapies, extensive patient education, and excellent communication between patients and health care providers.

Full text

PDF
961

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Ahmed S. S., Rozefort R., Brancato R. Incidence of acute myocardial infarction among Blacks in an urban community. J Med Soc N J. 1977 Dec;74(12):1058–1060. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Blankenhorn D. H., Nessim S. A., Johnson R. L., Sanmarco M. E., Azen S. P., Cashin-Hemphill L. Beneficial effects of combined colestipol-niacin therapy on coronary atherosclerosis and coronary venous bypass grafts. JAMA. 1987 Jun 19;257(23):3233–3240. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Brown M. S., Kovanen P. T., Goldstein J. L. Regulation of plasma cholesterol by lipoprotein receptors. Science. 1981 May 8;212(4495):628–635. doi: 10.1126/science.6261329. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Canner P. L., Berge K. G., Wenger N. K., Stamler J., Friedman L., Prineas R. J., Friedewald W. Fifteen year mortality in Coronary Drug Project patients: long-term benefit with niacin. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1986 Dec;8(6):1245–1255. doi: 10.1016/s0735-1097(86)80293-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Cassel J., Heyen S., Bartel A. G., Kaplan B. H., Tyroler H. A., Cornoni J. C., Hames C. G. Incidence of coronary heart disease by ethnic group, social class, and sex. Arch Intern Med. 1971 Dec;128(6):901–906. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Castelli W. P. Epidemiology of coronary heart disease: the Framingham study. Am J Med. 1984 Feb 27;76(2A):4–12. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(84)90952-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Frick M. H., Elo O., Haapa K., Heinonen O. P., Heinsalmi P., Helo P., Huttunen J. K., Kaitaniemi P., Koskinen P., Manninen V. Helsinki Heart Study: primary-prevention trial with gemfibrozil in middle-aged men with dyslipidemia. Safety of treatment, changes in risk factors, and incidence of coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med. 1987 Nov 12;317(20):1237–1245. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198711123172001. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Gartside P. S., Khoury P., Glueck C. J. Determinants of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in blacks and whites: the second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Am Heart J. 1984 Sep;108(3 Pt 2):641–653. doi: 10.1016/0002-8703(84)90649-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Gillum R. F. Coronary heart disease in black populations. I. Mortality and morbidity. Am Heart J. 1982 Oct;104(4 Pt 1):839–851. doi: 10.1016/0002-8703(82)90021-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Gillum R. F., Folsom A. R., Blackburn H. Decline in coronary heart disease mortality. Old questions and new facts. Am J Med. 1984 Jun;76(6):1055–1065. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(84)90857-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Gillum R. F., Liu K. C. Coronary heart disease mortality in United States blacks, 1940-1978: trends and unanswered questions. Am Heart J. 1984 Sep;108(3 Pt 2):728–732. doi: 10.1016/0002-8703(84)90665-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Glueck C. J., Gartside P., Laskarzewski P. M., Khoury P., Tyroler H. A. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol in blacks and whites: potential ramifications for coronary heart disease. Am Heart J. 1984 Sep;108(3 Pt 2):815–826. doi: 10.1016/0002-8703(84)90677-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Grundy S. M., Mok H. Y., Zech L., Berman M. Influence of nicotinic acid on metabolism of cholesterol and triglycerides in man. J Lipid Res. 1981 Jan;22(1):24–36. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Hagstrom R. M., Federspiel C. F., Ho Y. C. Incidence of myocardial infarction and sudden death from coronary heart disease in Nashville, Tennessee. Circulation. 1971 Nov;44(5):884–890. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.44.5.884. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Illingworth D. R. Mevinolin plus colestipol in therapy for severe heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. Ann Intern Med. 1984 Nov;101(5):598–604. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-101-5-598. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Illingworth D. R., Phillipson B. E., Rapp J. H., Connor W. E. Colestipol plus nicotinic acid in treatment of heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia. Lancet. 1981 Feb 7;1(8215):296–298. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(81)91910-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Kannel W. B., Neaton J. D., Wentworth D., Thomas H. E., Stamler J., Hulley S. B., Kjelsberg M. O. Overall and coronary heart disease mortality rates in relation to major risk factors in 325,348 men screened for the MRFIT. Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. Am Heart J. 1986 Oct;112(4):825–836. doi: 10.1016/0002-8703(86)90481-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Keil J. E., Loadholt C. B., Weinrich M. C., Sandifer S. H., Boyle E., Jr Incidence of coronary heart disease in blacks in Charleston, South Carolina. Am Heart J. 1984 Sep;108(3 Pt 2):779–786. doi: 10.1016/0002-8703(84)90671-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Kesäniemi Y. A., Grundy S. M. Influence of gemfibrozil and clofibrate on metabolism of cholesterol and plasma triglycerides in man. JAMA. 1984 May 4;251(17):2241–2246. doi: 10.1001/jama.1984.03340410049031. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Kesäniemi Y. A., Grundy S. M. Influence of probucol on cholesterol and lipoprotein metabolism in man. J Lipid Res. 1984 Aug;25(8):780–790. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Kita T., Nagano Y., Yokode M., Ishii K., Kume N., Ooshima A., Yoshida H., Kawai C. Probucol prevents the progression of atherosclerosis in Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic rabbit, an animal model for familial hypercholesterolemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1987 Aug;84(16):5928–5931. doi: 10.1073/pnas.84.16.5928. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Kottke T. E., Young D. T., McCall M. M. Effect of social class on recovery from myocardial infarction--a followup study of 197 consecutive patients discharged from hospital. Minn Med. 1980 Aug;63(8):590–597. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Kuller L. H., Cooper M., Perper J., Fisher R. Myocardial infarction and sudden death in an urban community. Bull N Y Acad Med. 1973 Jun;49(6):532–543. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Manninen V., Elo M. O., Frick M. H., Haapa K., Heinonen O. P., Heinsalmi P., Helo P., Huttunen J. K., Kaitaniemi P., Koskinen P. Lipid alterations and decline in the incidence of coronary heart disease in the Helsinki Heart Study. JAMA. 1988 Aug 5;260(5):641–651. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Mathew B. M., Chaudhuri A. K. Meningococcal infection in Lanarkshire. Lancet. 1986 Oct 18;2(8512):923–924. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(86)90445-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. McKenney J. M. Lovastatin: a new cholesterol-lowering agent. Clin Pharm. 1988 Jan;7(1):21–36. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Mellies M. J., Gartside P. S., Glatfelter L., Vink P., Guy G., Schonfeld G., Glueck C. J. Effects of probucol on plasma cholesterol, high and low density lipoprotein cholesterol, and apolipoproteins A1 and A2 in adults with primary familial hypercholesterolemia. Metabolism. 1980 Oct;29(10):956–964. doi: 10.1016/0026-0495(80)90039-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Neaton J. D., Kuller L. H., Wentworth D., Borhani N. O. Total and cardiovascular mortality in relation to cigarette smoking, serum cholesterol concentration, and diastolic blood pressure among black and white males followed up for five years. Am Heart J. 1984 Sep;108(3 Pt 2):759–769. doi: 10.1016/0002-8703(84)90669-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Nikkilä E. A., Ylikahri R., Huttunen J. K. Gemfibrozil: effect on serum lipids, lipoproteins, postheparin plasma lipase activities and glucose tolerance in primary hypertriglyceridaemia. Proc R Soc Med. 1976;69 (Suppl 2):58–63. doi: 10.1177/00359157760690S215. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Oalmann M. C., McGill H. C., Jr, Strong J. P. Cardiovascular mortality in a community: results of a survey in New Orleans. Am J Epidemiol. 1971 Dec;94(6):546–555. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a121353. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. PHILLIPS J. H., Jr, BURCH G. E. A review of cardiovascular diseases in the white and Negro races. Medicine (Baltimore) 1960 May;39:241–288. doi: 10.1097/00005792-196005000-00003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Parker T. S., McNamara D. J., Brown C., Garrigan O., Kolb R., Batwin H., Ahrens E. H., Jr Mevalonic acid in human plasma: relationship of concentration and circadian rhythm to cholesterol synthesis rates in man. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1982 May;79(9):3037–3041. doi: 10.1073/pnas.79.9.3037. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Quinn M. T., Parthasarathy S., Fong L. G., Steinberg D. Oxidatively modified low density lipoproteins: a potential role in recruitment and retention of monocyte/macrophages during atherogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1987 May;84(9):2995–2998. doi: 10.1073/pnas.84.9.2995. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Roe C. R., Starmer C. F. A sensitivity analysis of enzymatic estimation of infarct size. Circulation. 1975 Jul;52(1):1–5. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.52.1.1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Samuel P. Effects of gemfibrozil on serum lipids. Am J Med. 1983 May 23;74(5A):23–27. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Shepherd J., Packard C. J., Bicker S., Lawrie T. D., Morgan H. G. Cholestyramine promotes receptor-mediated low-density-lipoprotein catabolism. N Engl J Med. 1980 May 29;302(22):1219–1222. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198005293022202. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Stamler J., Wentworth D., Neaton J. D. Is relationship between serum cholesterol and risk of premature death from coronary heart disease continuous and graded? Findings in 356,222 primary screenees of the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MRFIT). JAMA. 1986 Nov 28;256(20):2823–2828. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Tyroler H. A., Hames C. G., Krishan I., Heyden S., Cooper G., Cassel J. C. Black-white differences in serum lipids and lipoproteins in Evans County. Prev Med. 1975 Dec;4(4):541–549. doi: 10.1016/0091-7435(75)90040-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Tyroler H. A., Knowles M. G., Wing S. B., Logue E. E., Davis C. E., Heiss G., Heyden S., Hames C. G. Ischemic heart disease risk factors and twenty-year mortality in middle-age Evans County black males. Am Heart J. 1984 Sep;108(3 Pt 2):738–746. doi: 10.1016/0002-8703(84)90667-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Watkins L. O. Epidemiology of coronary heart disease in black populations: methodologic proposals. Am Heart J. 1984 Sep;108(3 Pt 2):635–640. doi: 10.1016/0002-8703(84)90648-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Weisse A. B., Abiuso P. D., Thind I. S. Acute myocardial infarction in Newark, N.J. A study of racial incidence. Arch Intern Med. 1977 Oct;137(10):1402–1405. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Zmyslinski R. W., Lackland D. T., Keil J. E., Higgins J. E. Increased fatality and difficult diagnosis of in-hospital acute myocardial infarction: comparison to lower mortality and more easily recognized pre-hospital infarction. Am Heart J. 1981 May;101(5):586–592. doi: 10.1016/0002-8703(81)90225-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Journal of the National Medical Association are provided here courtesy of National Medical Association

RESOURCES