Abstract
We examined the effects of chlorine on oocyst viability, under the conditions of controlled pH and elevated calcium concentrations required for most community swimming pools. We found that fecal material may alter the Ct values (chlorine concentration in mg/L, multiplied by time in minutes) needed to disinfect swimming pools or other recreational water for Cryptosporidium parvum.
Full Text
The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (73.0 KB).
Selected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- Bell A., Guasparini R., Meeds D., Mathias R. G., Farley J. D. A swimming pool-associated outbreak of Cryptosporidiosis in British Columbia. Can J Public Health. 1993 Sep-Oct;84(5):334–337. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Fayer R. Effect of sodium hypochlorite exposure on infectivity of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts for neonatal BALB/c mice. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1995 Feb;61(2):844–846. doi: 10.1128/aem.61.2.844-846.1995. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Joce R. E., Bruce J., Kiely D., Noah N. D., Dempster W. B., Stalker R., Gumsley P., Chapman P. A., Norman P., Watkins J. An outbreak of cryptosporidiosis associated with a swimming pool. Epidemiol Infect. 1991 Dec;107(3):497–508. doi: 10.1017/s0950268800049190. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Korich D. G., Mead J. R., Madore M. S., Sinclair N. A., Sterling C. R. Effects of ozone, chlorine dioxide, chlorine, and monochloramine on Cryptosporidium parvum oocyst viability. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1990 May;56(5):1423–1428. doi: 10.1128/aem.56.5.1423-1428.1990. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kramer M. H., Sorhage F. E., Goldstein S. T., Dalley E., Wahlquist S. P., Herwaldt B. L. First reported outbreak in the United States of cryptosporidiosis associated with a recreational lake. Clin Infect Dis. 1998 Jan;26(1):27–33. doi: 10.1086/516271. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lemmon J. M., McAnulty J. M., Bawden-Smith J. Outbreak of cryptosporidiosis linked to an indoor swimming pool. Med J Aust. 1996 Dec 2;165(11-12):613–616. doi: 10.5694/j.1326-5377.1996.tb138664.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Levy D. A., Bens M. S., Craun G. F., Calderon R. L., Herwaldt B. L. Surveillance for waterborne-disease outbreaks--United States, 1995-1996. MMWR CDC Surveill Summ. 1998 Dec 11;47(5):1–34. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- MacKenzie W. R., Kazmierczak J. J., Davis J. P. An outbreak of cryptosporidiosis associated with a resort swimming pool. Epidemiol Infect. 1995 Dec;115(3):545–553. doi: 10.1017/s0950268800058714. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- McAnulty J. M., Fleming D. W., Gonzalez A. H. A community-wide outbreak of cryptosporidiosis associated with swimming at a wave pool. JAMA. 1994 Nov 23;272(20):1597–1600. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Moore A. C., Herwaldt B. L., Craun G. F., Calderon R. L., Highsmith A. K., Juranek D. D. Surveillance for waterborne disease outbreaks--United States, 1991-1992. MMWR CDC Surveill Summ. 1993 Nov 19;42(5):1–22. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Sorvillo F. J., Fujioka K., Nahlen B., Tormey M. P., Kebabjian R., Mascola L. Swimming-associated cryptosporidiosis. Am J Public Health. 1992 May;82(5):742–744. doi: 10.2105/ajph.82.5.742. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Sundkvist T., Dryden M., Gabb R., Soltanpoor N., Casemore D., Stuart J. Outbreak of cryptosporidiosis associated with a swimming pool in Andover. Commun Dis Rep CDR Rev. 1997 Nov 14;7(12):R190–R192. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Wilberschied L. A swimming-pool-associated outbreak of cryptosporidiosis. Kans Med. 1995 Summer;96(2):67–68. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]