Abstract
Facet joint injection is considered to be a safe procedure. There have been some reported cases of facet joint pyogenic infection and also 3 cases of facet joint infection spreading to paraspinal muscle and epidural space due to intra-articular injections. To the author's knowledge, paraspinal and epidural abscesses after facet joint injection without facet joint pyogenic infection have not been reported. Here we report a case in which extra-articular facet joint injection resulted in paraspinal and epidural abscesses without facet joint infection. A 50-year-old man presenting with acute back pain and fever was admitted to the hospital. He had the history of diabetes mellitus and had undergone the extra-articular facet joint injection due to a facet joint syndrome diagnosis at a private clinic 5 days earlier. Physical examination showed tenderness over the paraspinal region. Magnetic resonance image (MRI) demonstrated the paraspinal abscess around the fourth and fifth spinous processes with an additional epidural abscess compressing the thecal sac. The facet joints were preserved. The laboratory results showed a white blood cell count of 14.9 × 109 per liter, an erythrocyte sedimentation rate of 52mm/hour, and 10.88mg/dL of C-reactive protein. Laminectomy and drainage were performed. The pus was found in the paraspinal muscles, which was communicated with the epidural space through a hole in the ligamentum flavum. Cultures grew Staphylococcus aureus. Paraspinal abscess communicated with epidural abscess is a rare complication of extra-articular facet joint injection demonstrating an abscess formation after an invasive procedure near the spine is highly possible.
Keywords: Complication, infection, injection, facet joint
INTRODUCTION
Facet joint injection is generally considered to be a safe procedure with few significant side effects. There have been previously reported cases of facet joint pyogenic infection and 3 cases of facet joint pyogenic infection with a spread to paraspinal muscle and epidural space due to intra-articular facet joint injections.1-7 To the author's knowledge, paraspinal and epidural abscesses after facet joint injection without facet joint pyogenic infection have not previously been reported in the literature. This report describes a case of paraspinal abscess with contiguous extension into the epidural space due to extra-articular facet joint injection without pyogenic infection of the facet joint.
CASE REPORT
On September 15, 2003, a 50-year-old man presenting with severe acute back pain and high fever was admitted to the hospital. He had a history of diabetes mellitus and had undergone the extra-articular facet joint injection on the lumbar spine due to a facet joint syndrome diagnosis at a private clinic 5 days earlier. The medical doctor at the private clinic performed extra-articular facet joint injection without involvement of ligamentum flavum according to his report. The patient described his pain as a continuous and severe with a temperature reaching 38℃. Physical examination showed local direct tenderness over the right paraspinal lumbar region. The results of a clinical neurological examination were normal except for neck stiffness. Plain radiographs taken did not show any specific finding. Sagittal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrated the inflammatory lesion involving the paraspinal muscle around the fourth (L4) and fifth lumbar (L5) laminae and spinous processes with an additional epidural abscess compressing the thecal sac (Fig. 1A). Gadolinium-enhanced MRI showed peripheral rim enhancement with a low-signal at the core of the abscesses (Fig. 1B). Axial MRI showed a paraspinal and epidural abscess with hyperintense signal intensity on T2-weighted images and with isointense signal intensity to the spinal fluid on T1-weighted images (Fig. 2). The facet joints and posterior arch of the L4 and L5 vertebrae were preserved. The initial diagnostic laboratory results showed a white blood cell count of 14.9 × 109 per liter, an erythrocyte sedimentation rate of 52mm/hour (normal range: below 15mm/hour) and 10.88mg/dL of C-reactive protein. Blood cultures were negative before the antibiotic therapy. Initial and fasting blood glucoses were 494mg/dL and 135mg/dL respectively.
Fig. 1.
(A) Sagittal T2-weighted magnetic resonance image (MRI) showing an epidural mass compressing the thecal sac between the laminae of L4 and L5. (B) Gadolinium-enhanced MRI showing peripheral enhancement of the mass in the paraspinal muscle.
Fig. 2.
Axial MRI showing a mass of hyperintense signal intensity on T2-weighted image (A) and isointense signal intensity to the spinal fluid on T1-weighted image (B). Gadolinium-enhanced axial MRI showing a mass of high-signal peripheral rim enhancement with a low-signal at the core with expansion of the inflammation into the epidural space (C). There is no involvement of facet joints.
The infection did not respond to intravenous antibiotic therapy for 3 days and a new radicular pain developed, thus an operation was performed. A midline posterior approach was used to expose from L3 to the sacrum. Laminectomy of L5 and drainage of the paraspinal and epidural abscesses were performed. Thorough debridement of all necrotic musculature and irrigation with an antibiotic saline was performed. Posterior wounds were closed over 1 closed suction drain.
Intraoperative findings in the reported case showed inflammatory tissues in the paraspinal muscles surrounding the L4-L5 spinous processes. In addition, a significant amount of pus was detected in the paraspinal muscles, which communicated with the epidural space at the L4 and L5 vertebrae through a hole in the ligamentum flavum.
Multiple cultures of granulation tissue from abscesses grew Staphylococcus aureus. Pathologic examination of the granulation tissue showed acute and chronic inflammation in the skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. An antibiotic (levofloxacine) was administered intravenously for 7 weeks after surgery until the sedimentation rate returned to normal. At the latest follow-up assessment, 6 months after surgery, the patient remained afebrile and had a marked reduction in low back pain.
DISCUSSION
Facet joint injections as a stand-alone treatment for low back pain are controversial. When they are used as a diagnostic tool, they can be helpful in managing low back pain as they can identify facet joint syndrome in the lumbar region of the spine.6
It is believed that the intra-articular facet joint injection is more useful than the extra-articular injection as a diagnostic tool when an injected anesthetic/steroid mixture is delivered directly into the facet joint space.8 Intra-articular facet joint injection is generally considered to be a safe procedure but it can complicate facet joint pyogenic infection and although this is described in the literature, it is rare.1-7 More than half of all reported facet joint pyogenic infections had additional risk factors, such as extra-spinal infection and diabetes mellitus.9 Immunocompromised patients, such as those with diabetes mellitus, liver disease, alcohol abuse, intravenous drug abuse, or chronic steroid usage, may be at risk for development of facet joint pyogenic infection without infection elsewhere in the body.3,9-13
The facet joint pyogenic infection may spread from the lumbar facet joint with subsequent decompression into the epidural space and paraspinal muscles.10,14,15 An epidural abscess may cause changes in reflexes and sensory and motor dysfunction with a fast progression to paralysis.1,16 There have been 3 cases of facet joint pyogenic infection with a spread to epidural and paraspinal abscesses due to intra-articular facet joint injections.1,2,6 The paraspinal and epidural abscesses due to facet joint injection without facet joint pyogenic infection have not previously been reported in the literature.
In addition, extra-articular facet joint injection can complicate paraspinal abscesses.4 Paraspinal and epidural abscesses due to extra-articular facet joint injection have not previously been reported.
In a few reported cases, the epidural catheter in anesthesia inserted through the hole in the ligamentum flavum, complicating both paraspinal and epidural abscesses.17-20 Intraoperative findings in the reported case showed a significant amount of pus in the epidural space communicated with paraspinal abscess through a hole in the ligamentum flavum, although neither inflammatory tissue nor obvious pus was observed in the L4-L5 facet joints. It could be suggested that the secondary epidural abscess was spread through the hole in the inflamed ligamentum flavum after the primary abscess occurred in the paraspinal muscles.
Paraspinal abscess communicated with epidural abscess is a rare complication of extra-articular facet joint injection. Epidural abscess may cause paralysis and a rapid progression to death by sepsis.1,16 This shows the epidural or paraspinal abscess formation after an invasive procedure near the spinal canal when neurological symptoms or new back pain occur without another apparent cause is highly possible.
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