Abstract
Background
Experiencing autonomy is recognised to promote health and well-being for all age groups. Perceived lack of control has been found to be detrimental to physical and mental health. There is a lack of evidence-based knowledge elucidating how frail older people in nursing home settings themselves perceive autonomy in daily life. Further, there are no studies on the extent to which this perception can be influenced positively by participating in an individually tailored programme based on residents' own wishes for daily activities.
Methods and design
A total of 9 nursing homes and 55 participants aged 65 years or older were included in the study. All the participants were restricted in performing at least one P-ADL activity unassisted and had a Mini Mental State Examination-score above 16. Perceived autonomy was measured at baseline, after 12 weeks and after 24 weeks by The Autonomy Sub-dimension in the Measure of Actualisation of Potential test. Programmes were based on participants' individual assessment of their most important daily activities. Staff at all nursing homes who usually organize physical training, social or creative activities carried out individually tailored programmes using their usual methods and equipment. Participants in each nursing home were divided by lot into either a control group or an intervention group. The control groups received their usual care and treatment.
Discussion
This study is designed to assess the status of perceived autonomy at baseline and to provide information about the effectiveness of individually tailored programmes according to perceptions of autonomy registered in institutionalised physically frail older people. This will add knowledge to assist response to present and future challenges in relation to health promotion initiatives for this group.
Trial registration number
Background
The development of elderly care services is of prime concern across Europe due to demographic trends which show an increasing elderly population [1]. The Danish Technology Council claims that in the future the elderly population will be polarised into a large group of healthy elderly and a large group of frail elderly who due to medical improvements may live with chronic diseases in more years than previously observed [2]. Therefore health promotion strategies in this group are of prime concern [3]. Only few studies of the institutionalised physically frail elderly exist and this fact makes it difficult to meet the increasing economical and practical challenges of the future [1-4].
Perceived lack of control has been found to be injurious to older peoples' physical and mental health, and when despite their frailty older people experience autonomy they become more alert both mentally and physically and their self-rated well-being improves [5-8]. Due to the limited number of studies concerning older people's perceptions of autonomy there is an evident need for more knowledge in order for politicians and planners to target the efforts to improve the documentation for health promotion strategies in this group.
Autonomy in nursing home settings
When older people are exposed to changes such as moving into a nursing home their physical and psychological problems [5,9] and feelings of being a burden, loss of control and helplessness increase [10,11]. Furthermore, making choices and decisions in daily life risk becoming a lost ability and opportunity [11-14]. Giving up valued activities is found to threaten personal identity and indicate near-future physical decline [15]. Therefore, it is an important task for staff to support residents in making choices about engaging and re-engaging in meaningful familiar and valued activities [16]. Sensitivity towards the activity choices of the residents' is constantly at risk of receding into the background due to time schedules and the organisation of work [12,14].
Specifying the definition of autonomy
The concept of autonomy is often used interchangeably with the experience of having choices and being in control. Perceived lack of control has been found to be detrimental to physical and mental health [6], and, when older people have feelings of control of their own activities their health and well-being are influenced positively [5-8]. Research supports the findings that older people who experience having a good life also experience being autonomous [17].
It is generally acknowledged that frail older people in nursing home settings to some degree are restricted in the execution of their choices and wishes. This calls for a more specified definition of the concept of autonomy that takes frailty and thereby dependency into consideration. According to Agich 'There is no opposition to dependency – not when one relies on others in a way that is consistent with one's sense of self-worth and identity' [18]. A number of researchers in gerontology and geriatrics have proposed focusing on the importance of making autonomous decisions irrespective of frailty, dependency and restrictions of action [4,5,17,19].
The importance of perceiving oneself as autonomous
The sense of control over their activities exerts a positive influence on older adults' well-being [20,30] even when they are dependent on assistance with ADL (Activities of Daily Living) [5,6,13]. Furthermore, alertness and participation in daily activities increase [6,12,13] and the use of their own skills and resources strengthens the experience of self-efficacy [19,20]. This "spin-off" can be supported by the fact that preserving and strengthening physical resources have a direct impact on self-rated well-being [21-27].
Research demonstrates that it is possible to experience autonomy while being dependent on assistance, and that older people's perception of independence changes with the process of functional decline. It is, therefore, not only their actual performance but also their ability to make meaningful choices and decisions that are of importance [28]. However, there are no studies focusing on the possibility of exerting positive influence on perceived autonomy among older people in nursing home settings through individualised interventions focusing on residents' own wishes for activity in daily life.
The aim of the present study is to assess the short-term (0–12 weeks) and long-term (12–24 weeks) changes of an individually tailored programme based on residents' own wishes for activity on their perceived autonomy.
Methods and design
The study was approved by The Regional Scientific Ethical Committee in Denmark No. 2004-1-52 and The Danish Data Protection Agency.
This study is the Danish part of a Nordic multi-centre study, where the aim is to describe the impact of individually tailored programmes in nursing home settings on residents' physical functioning, dependence in ADL and self-rated well-being. The multi-centre study includes three Nordic countries and is initiated and designed by a group of Swedish researchers.
A number of physical and mental tests are carried out and information on age, diseases, medicine, aids and length of staying at the nursing home is registered. In the Danish part of the study, a test has been added in order to measure perceived autonomy before and after the intervention period. This paper concentrates only on the assessment of the status of perceived autonomy and the effect of individually tailored programmes on perceived autonomy among physically frail older people in nursing home settings. The individual programmes are based on the participants' individual wishes according to the specific daily activities they wish to improve, to preserve and/or to revive.
The intervention group participated in a 12 – week programme, whereas the control group received their usual care and treatment. After a 6 month period they were offered an individual programme according to their wishes for activities (Figure 1).
Figure 1.
Flow chart of study design.
Recruitment of nursing homes
Some 105 nursing homes built or renovated to fulfil the Danish law (On the basis of The Danish Housing Act §54, The Danish Ministry of Social affairs in cooperation with e.g. The Inspection of Work in 1997 drew up rules for the physical environment in terms of accessibility for both residents and staff) received an invitation letter informing about the project. The nursing homes were situated in a large geographical area of Denmark including rural areas, larger cities and the capital of Denmark. Invitations were sent in four rounds during a one and a half-year period from February 2005 to June 2006. A total of 20 nursing homes responded and of these 9 wanted to participate. The 9 nursing homes represent both small and larger nursing homes and are geographically placed in both the countryside and in cities.
Residents, relatives and staff from all involved nursing homes attended information meetings. Local politicians were also present at some of the meetings. Information about participation, duration of the study and clarification of the staff's roles were on the agenda and if necessary the meetings were repeated in order to ensure that everybody was informed.
Recruitment of participants
Physically frail elderly nursing home residents were recruited directly at the above mentioned information meetings or at a visit conducted by a well-known staff member in their home. The staff at each nursing home was responsible for informing participants face to face and for collecting the signed informed consent. Participants were informed about randomisation to either an intervention or a control group.
Inclusion criteria
Aged 65 years or older, participants with all kinds of diseases leading to physical frailty ensuring an unselected case-mix, dependence on daily assistance in minimum one P-ADL activity (Primary ADL; e.g. eating, dressing and going to the toilet), able to understand verbal instructions, willing to participate, expected to live in the nursing home during the intervention period. Both men and women.
Exclusion criteria
Terminal stages of disease, MMSE-score below 16 (Mini Mental State Examination).
Randomisation and blinding
Participants were divided by lot into either a control group or an intervention group.
The randomisation was stratified according to sex.
The intervention groups participated in individually tailored 12 – week programmes, whereas the control groups received usual care and treatment.
Participants' identity and group allocation were only identifiable for the researcher.
Blinded research assistants did the testing. Previous training sessions for testers and the use of scripts during the testing had to ensure that all participants received the same instructions.
Description of cohort and dropout
A total of 55 older people were included according to the autonomy study of which 50 participated.
A number of measures were collected for the purpose of characterising the total cohort at baseline, in terms of age, sex, length of stay in the nursing home, most frequent diseases, most frequent medicine prescribed and walking/mobility aids (Table 1 and Table 2).
Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of age, sex and length of stay in the nursing home divided by group.
| Intervention group | Control group |
| Women n = 19 | Women n = 16 |
| Men n = 9 | Men n = 6 |
| Overall n = 28 | Overall n = 22 |
| Age/yr | Age/yr |
| Mean 84,4 | Mean 83,5 |
| Min 65 | Min 66 |
| Max 97 | Max 96 |
| Length of stay in the nursing home/months | Length of stay in the nursing home/months |
| Mean 32 | Mean 28 |
| Min 12 | Min 7 |
| Max 96 | Max 72 |
Table 2.
Baseline characteristics of most frequent diseases, most frequent medicine prescribed and mobility/walking aids of the total group.
| Most frequent diseases | Most frequent medicine | Walking/mobility aids; |
| arthritis (OA, RA), hemiplegic limbs, cardiovascular problems and/or COPD | analgesics and antidepressants | 3/4 of the participants use cane or rollator and 1/4 are completely wheelchair – bound |
Five participants dropped out: three from the control group and two from the intervention group. Typical reasons for drop – out were withdrawal due to either aggravation of disease or death.
General description of residents, the environment and daily life in Danish nursing homes
Descriptions of Danish nursing home residents are scarce and therefore the following characteristics are based on the one existing and recent study by Beck et al [29] which characterise 441 residents from 11 different nursing homes in Denmark in 2004. The study by Beck et al show that 50% of the residents are 85 years and above, 20% are men and more than 50% are suffering from reduced cognitive function, between 30% and 50% were totally dependent in performing P-ADL and more than 50% were medicated with analgetics on a daily basis [29].
In general, the staff comprises of nurses, auxiliary nurses, cleaning staff, occupational therapists, physiotherapists and volunteers.
Typical of the physical environment inside is that a reception area leads to corridors with front doors to residents' individual flats. Further, a corridor leads to common areas such as dining rooms, café, training facilities etc. Residents rent their own individual flat with a bathroom, a kitchen and a living room/bedroom. The outside environment usually has a common garden area with benches and flowers.
Daily life is characterised by schedules for most activities such as mealtimes, bedtimes, physical training, social or creative activities.
Nursing homes have to list their moral values – often on the nursing home's own website – and the list frequently includes preserving residents' autonomy.
Specific characteristics of the 9 nursing homes
Although there were some differences, all 9 nursing homes included in this study complied with the earlier mentioned regulations about housing for the frail and old. Among the differences was for example the fact that some only consisted of a ground level while others had more floors. Some were less accessible regarding distance, e.g. to the front door, garden, training facilities and dining room.
In a few nursing homes occupational therapists and physiotherapists were employed by the local community council to serve more than one nursing home and therefore not able to be present in the nursing home on a daily basis.
Testing perceived autonomy
Perceived autonomy was measured at T1, T2 and T3 by using The Autonomy Sub-dimension in the MAP test (The Measure of Actualization of Potential) [30-33]. The MAP test generally measures how older people perceive their possibilities for self-determination in daily life. Three psychologists and one occupational therapist, all from the Geriatric Institute at Sherbrooke University in Canada developed the test. Validity and reliability were tested and found high according to The Quebec Longitudinal Study on Aging [30-33].
With permission from the Canadian authors, The Autonomy Subscale was validated to be used in Denmark by the researcher under statistical supervision in 2005.
The Autonomy Sub-dimension can be used separately and represents a subjective measure which elucidates perceived autonomy. Six items are scored on a 5 – point Likert type scale and the test is performed as a paper and pencil test where the tester and the participant are sitting at the same side of the table. The tester reads the text and the participant chooses the response. Each sentence is read out loud in order to avoid misunderstandings.
The mean of all six scores forms the result and is categorised as either: low, average or high degree of autonomy.
Training sessions for testers
The testing procedure involved a training programme concerning testing procedures in order to assure a high inter-rater reliability. The training programme ran over a three – week period and involved a thorough verbal and written presentation of test material and a manual, exercises, feed-back and de-briefing.
Intervention
Staff at each nursing home who usually organizes physical training, social or creative activities carried out the individual programmes for the intervention groups utilizing their usual methods and equipment. The individual programme was planned together with the participant. Furthermore, the staff registered the participant's activities in terms of: type, with whom, where, duration per time and frequency per day/week.
Statistical analysis
The statistical analytical program SPSS version 15.0 and 16.0 will be used for registration, analysis and presentation of data.
The changes from 0–12 weeks and 12–24 weeks within the two groups separately will be assessed using paired t-test (autonomy score, age, gender and physical functioning) and/or Wilcoxon rank sum test for variables not fulfilling the normal distribution of residuals. Furthermore, bar charts will be made for delta values for the changes from 0–12 weeks and 12–24 weeks.
The analyses will be performed according to the intention-to-treat principle, and carried out using a regression model incorporating difference in changes (delta values), and controlling for baseline values, e.g. age and gender.
Furthermore, the content of the individual programmes and participants' activity wishes will be analysed using a thematic analysis.
Participants of this study represent a group of people who might be in a deficit of stimulation due to being physically frail and institutionalised. Therefore, changes in the control groups are expected.
Statistical significance is set at p < 0.05.
The statistics will be performed in cooperation with The Research Unit for Statistics, Faculty of Health Sciences at The University of Southern Denmark.
Sample size estimate
Sample size estimations were initially based on the calculations done for the Nordic multicenter study. These estimations show that to obtain a power of at least 80% and a significance level of 5%, 60 participants in each group are sufficient. No previous studies have investigated the effect of individually tailored programmes on perceived autonomy and thus it was difficult to determine an appropriate sample size. Therefore it was decided to recruit the largest possible number of subjects and aim for at least 60 in each group.
Discussion
Many studies concerning autonomy in nursing home settings focus either primarily on the staff perspective or evaluate how staff and residents perceive autonomy in pre-defined areas of daily life. A recent European study including five countries argues, in agreement with many other studies, that comparison of nurses' and residents' views on autonomy reflect different results [11]. However, studies focusing explicitly on how residents express their experience and perception of autonomy are scarce.
If the results of this study are promising, future efforts might be directed at developing guidelines for more effective approaches to ensure frail older institutionalised peoples' autonomy in daily life. The hypothesis is that these efforts will lead not only to experiences of autonomy but also to enhanced mobility, independence, participation and well-being.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
Both authors contributed to the design of the study and wrote the paper together. MA administered the study, was responsible for collecting the data and for performing the statistical analyses. LP provided guidance and supervision during the whole process. Both authors contributed significantly to the preparation of the paper, and read and approved the final version.
Pre-publication history
The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:
Acknowledgments
Acknowledgements
The present study forms part of a comprehensive study, "A Nordic multi-centre study on physical and daily activities for residents in nursing home settings". It was initiated by Kerstin Frändin, senior lecturer at Karolinska Institutet, Lena Borell, professor at Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm and Karin Hellström, senior lecturer at Uppsala University, Sweden and performed in cooperation with Astrid Bergland, professor at Oslo University College, Jorunn Helbostad, senior lecturer at Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Randi Granbo, senior lecturer at Sør-Trøndelag University College in Trondheim, Norway and Helena Grönstedt, doctoral student at Karolinska Institutet, Sweden.
This study is funded by VELUX – FONDENE, Denmark; Reference number: 22.12.06.
The University of Southern Denmark, The University College Sealand, Denmark and The Research Foundation of Occupational Therapists Denmark.
Contributor Information
Mette Andresen, Email: mea@ucsj.dk.
Lis Puggaard, Email: lipu@cowi.dk.
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