Impact of Insurance Scheme on Adults’ Dental Check-Ups in a Developing Oral Health Care System

Abstract

Objectives

To find out the relationship between dental insurance and demand for dental care, the present study evaluated impact of insurance scheme on adults’ dental check-ups in a developing oral health care system.

Methods

The target population included adults in the city of Tehran where the only telecommunication company provides 90% of the 1.9 million households with a fixed telephone. Of the 1531 subjects who answered the phone call, 224 were outside the target age (under 18), 67 said that they never had visited a dentist, and 221 refused to respond, leaving 1019 subjects in the final sample. Each interview lasted 15 minutes and was carried out using a structured questionnaire with fixed and open-ended questions.

Results

71% of the subjects reported having dental insurance and 16% having visited a dentist for a check-up; 55%, more women than men, reported having had a dental visit within the past 12 months.

Conclusions

The present results revealed the positive relationship between insurance and demand for dental care. Those having dental insurance were more likely to go to check-ups despite their generally low rate found in this country with a developing oral health care system. In such countries, health insurance schemes should therefore include obligatory regular dental check-ups to emphasize prevention-oriented dental care.

INTRODUCTION

The reason to visit a dentist is regarded as one of the measures of demand since it is the users who determine the action.¹ As reviewed by Bendall,² dental insurance is positively related to the demand for dental care. In comparison with the non-insured subjects, those with dental insurance visit a dentist more regularly^3–6 and have frequent dental check-ups.^7–10

As part of preventive health behavior,¹¹ dental check-ups are commonly recommended.^12–15 Generally, health behavior is affected by individual characteristics, such as age, gender, and level of education but also by the characteristics of the oral health care system, such as availability of third party payment options.¹⁶ Depending on the social and political system of each country, the health policy, oral health services, and their funding can support preventive oral health behavior in populations by encouraging checkups, emphasizing preventative orientation of the dental services, and applying third party payment systems.

In the pure model of secondary prevention, regular check-ups have two purposes: to reduce the burden of illness by accurate detection of disease at its early stage and to treat the disease effectively in order to alter its natural course or progression.^17–18 Policy in most of the Scandinavian countries, in the UK, and the Netherlands emphasizes regular dental check-ups for all.^{6,8,20,22–23} In developed countries, the rates of annual check-ups for adults range from 54% to 92%,^20,22–25 but even higher rates of dental check-ups have been reported for people with private dental insurance.^8–10,24

In many developing countries, dental care systems focus on treatment and relief of pain.^25–28 Treatment-oriented national insurance systems may discourage preventive use of oral health services.²⁹ Thus, patterns of adults’ behavior for dental check-ups according to insurance status may differ from those in developed countries with prevention-oriented health insurance programs.

To find out the relationship between dental insurance and demand for dental care, the present study evaluated impact of insurance scheme on adults’ dental check-ups in a developing oral health care system.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Background

Table 1 describes the health insurance system in Iran. The main function of both public and commercial insurance is to cover the costs of treatments; neither scheme has any obligation to attend dental check-ups. Public insurance covers 50% of Iran’s population, and commercial insurance almost 10% of the employees.³⁰ The dentist-population ratio in Tehran is 1:1800, with around 1300 dentists who are hired by or have contracted with insurance schemes.^30–33

Table 1.

Description of dental insurance system in Iran.

Aspects of insurance	Public insurance	Commercial insurance
Funding	Premium: 70% by the employer, 30% by the employee	Premium: by the employer as fringe benefits
Reimbursement to dentist	Monthly salary	Fee-for-service payment under a fixed- fee quotation
Access and restrictions	Available at the clinics owned (n=19) by or contracted (n=160) with public insurance.	Available at clinics contracted with commercial insurance (n=300).
	Restricted to basic dental services.	No restriction by type of dental services. Annual ceiling for the reimbursement.
Target population	Obligatory for all employees (and their family members) under the labour act.	Employees (and their family members) of commercial enterprises.
Population coverage	About 50%	Less than 10%
Dentist-population ratio1	1:3000	1:1100

Estimates based on data provided by statistical center of Iran (1), Social security (2) and, Medical service insurance organization (3), and Medical council of Iran (4).

Design and sampling

The Iranian Centre for Dental Research granted ethical approval for the present study, which was based on cross-sectional data obtained through phone interviews. The target population included adults in the city of Tehran where the only telecommunication company provides 90% of the 1.9 million households with a fixed telephone. A pilot study in February 2005 on the sampling method showed its feasibility. Then, a total of 3200 seven-digit numbers were randomly selected from a list of four million computerized options resembling real phone numbers.

Phone calls

Four trained interviewers made the phone calls. The outcome of each successful call was recorded as the duration of the interview and of a missed call as the reason for failure (busy, no answer, fax, and non-connected lines). After five attempts, a busy or non-answering line was omitted from the list. In total, 1669 phone numbers were unavailable, most because of being for a non-connected line or fax.

Interviewing and questions

Each interview lasted 15 minutes and was carried out using a structured questionnaire with fixed and open-ended questions. The questions were based on related recent studies.^29,34–35 The first question asked for the respondent’s date of birth, later calculated as the respondent’s age to the nearest year. The answers to the question about insurance status were recorded as: No insurance, Public insurance, or Commercial insurance.

For the question “What was the reason for your last dental visit?”, the answer was recorded as: Check-up, Trouble with teeth or gums, Continuing dental treatment, and Never visited a dentist. In the analyses, the very rare cases who responded that they were continuing their treatment (mostly a root canal treatment or fixed prosthetics) were combined into the category of Trouble with teeth or gums. Those who said that they had never visited a dentist were excluded. Consequently, the reason for the dental visit was dichotomized as Check-up or Trouble.

Utilization of dental services was inquired as the number of dental visits within past 12 months and was recorded as: No visit, One, Two, Three, Four and more, and I do not remember. For the analysis, the latter option with very rare cases (1.3%) was taken as No dental visit. For the cross-tabulation, number of dental visits was categorized as: None, One, Two and more.

The respondent’s level of education was recorded using six options, later combined into three: Low (illiterate, primary or secondary school), Medium (high school or diploma), and High (associate degree, bachelor’s degree, master degree). Information about family income was obtained with the open question “How much is your monthly household income?” the answers were recorded as an amount of Rials and then categorized into Low (under the poverty line), Medium, and High.

Statistical analysis

Evaluation of the statistical significance of the differences between the subgroups included the Chi-squared test for frequencies and ANOVA for comparison of mean values. The strength of the factors related to a dental check-up visit for was evaluated by fitting a logistic regression model to the data and by calculating the corresponding odds ratios (OR) and their 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Goodness of fit was evaluated by means of the Hosmer and Lemeshow test.

Of the 1531 subjects who answered the phone call, 224 were outside the target age (under 18), 67 said that they never had visited a dentist, and 221 refused to respond, leaving 1019 subjects in the final sample. Their age pattern approximates the age distribution of the target population.³⁶

RESULTS

Of the subjects (n=1019), 58% were women and 61% were under 35 years of age. The distribution by age was similar for men and women (P=0.28). Subjects’ mean age was 32.9 years (SD=10.7; median 32.0: 95% CI=32.2–33.5), with no gender differences (P=0.18). Of all, 71% reported having dental insurance and 16% having visited a dentist for a check-up; 55%, more women than men, reported having had a dental visit within the past 12 months.

Table 2 illustrates the rates of respondents reporting check-up as the reason for their most recent dental visit, and having two and more dental visits within last 12 months, according to their characteristics. The highest rates for checkups occurred in the youngest age groups: 24% for men (P<.001) and 22% for women (P=0.02), among those with a higher or medium level of education (P<.001), and those with commercial insurance (P<.01). Household income showed no impact on reporting dental check-ups.

Table 2.

Percentages of adults (1019) reporting a check-up as the reason for their most recent dental visit and having had at least two visits within the past 12 months according to their characteristics, separately for men (n=429) and women (n=590), in Tehran, Iran.

Characteristics	Check-ups (%)			≥2 dental visits (%)
	Men	Women	All	Men	Women	All
Age group
18–24	24	22	23	24	34	29
25–34	16	19	18	34	33	33
35–44	9	11	10	28	32	30
45 +	4	11	8	14	31	24
P value	<0.001	0.02	<0.001	<0.001	0.52	<0.001
Level of education
Low	5	6	5	12	19	17
Medium	17	17	17	23	32	28
High	17	23	20	38	42	40
P value	0.03	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
Household income1
Low	4	16	11	17	30	25
Medium	16	14	15	27	31	29
High	18	19	18	32	44	38
P value	0.08	0.54	0.21	0.20	<0.001	<0.001
Dental insurance status
No-insurance	12	14	13	23	26	25
Public insurance	16	16	16	28	34	31
Commercial insurance	25	31	28	36	47	42
P value	0.17	0.05	0.01	0.66	0.05	0.03

Statistical evaluation in frequencies by means of the Chi square test.

¹ No answer by 269 respondents.

With no gender difference, 30% of the respondents reported having had two and more visits within the past 12 months. That was most common among 25- to 34-year-olds (P<.001), among those with high level of education and income (P<.001), and among those with commercial insurance (P=0.03).

Among those subjects who had at least one dental visit within the past 12 months, number of visits was slightly higher for women than men (2.1 v.s. 2.0; P=0.05). Table 3 shows mean numbers of dental visits according to the respondents’ characteristics. Higher numbers of dental visits were found for those with a high level of education (P<.001) and those with commercial insurance (P=0.05).

Table 3.

Mean number of dental visits among those adults who have at least one dental visit within last 12 months (n=562), separately for men (n=225) and women (n=337).

Characteristics	Mean number of visits
	All	Men	Women
	Mean (SD)	Mean (SD)	Mean (SD)	P value
Age group
18–24	2.0 (1.2)	1.8 (1.1)	2.1 (1.2)
25–34	2.1 (1.2)	2.0 (1.1)	2.2 (1.2)	0.65
35–44	2.2 (1.2)	2.2 (1.2)	2.2 (1.2)
45 +	2.1 (1.1)	1.7 (1.0)	2.2 (1.2)
Level of education
Low	1.8 (1.1)	1.6 (1.1)	1.9 (1.2)
Medium	2.0 (1.2)	1.8 (1.0)	2.2 (1.2)	<0.001
High	2.3 (1.2)	2.3 (1.1)	2.3 (1.2)
Household income1
Low	2.2 (1.2)	1.2 (1.1)	2.3 (1.2)
Medium	2.0 (1.2)	2.0 (1.1)	2.1 (1.2)	0.80
High	2.1 (1.2)	2.0 (1.1)	2.3 (1.2)
Dental insurance status
No-insurance	2.0 (1.1)	1.8 (1.0)	2.0 (1.2)
Public insurance	2.1 (1.2)	2.0 (1.1)	2.1 (1.2)	0.05
Commercial insurance	2.2 (1.2)	2.1 (1.1)	2.3 (1.2)

Statistical evaluation for comparison of mean values by ANOVA.

¹No answer by 139 respondents

In a multivariable analysis household income as a co-variable revealed no impact and was omitted from the further analysis. The level of education, the type of insurance, and number of dental visits appeared as the main explanatory factors for subjects’ dental check-ups in the final logistic regression analysis (Table 4), which simultaneously controls for all factors included. The model indicated that those with a medium (OR=2.6) or high (OR=3.3) level of education, and with commercial insurance (OR=2.4) were more likely to go to a dentist for a check-up. The model fitted the data well (P=0.62).

Table 4.

Factors related to reporting that a check-up was the reason for most recent dental visit, as explained by means of a logistic regression model fitted to the data on adults reporting a dental visit (n=1019) in Tehran, Iran.

Parameters	ES*	SE	P	OR	CI 95%
Age	−0.04	0.01	<0.001	1.0	0.9 – 1.0
Gender	0.17	0.18	0.35	1.2	0.8 – 1.7
Level of education
Low				1.0
Medium	0.94	0.36	<0.001	2.6	1.3 – 5.2
High	1.20	0.36	<0.001	3.3	1.6 – 6.7
Type of insurance
Non- insured				1.0
Public insurance	0.22	0.21	0.37	1.3	0.8 – 1.9
Commercial insurance	0.90	0.35	0.01	2.4	1.3 – 4.7
Dental visit within last 12 months
No				1.0
Yes	0.40	0.18	0.05	1.4	1.0 – 2.0

Goodness-of-fit by Hosmer and Lemeshow test. p=0.62

^*Estimate of strength

DISCUSSION

Only 16% of our respondents gave a check-up as the reason for their most recent dental visit. In comparison with developed countries, this is far from the recommended way to use dental services. In Netherlands, almost all insured patients (92%), both public and private, reported that they had visited a dentist for a check-up within the past 12 months.²⁰ High or moderate check-up rates have been reported for the USA, 78%,⁸ Finland, 57%,³⁵ Australia, 53%³⁷ and Japan, 46%.¹³ In the UK, 62% of adults report having had a dental check-up within the previous 12 months, the figures being clearly higher for those under the NHS (46%) compared to 14% for the non-NHS subjects.³⁸

The behavior of visiting a dentist regularly for check-ups has its origins in one’s childhood. In addition, the health policy and the characteristics of the oral health care system in a community create and maintain circumstances favorable to such behavior. One important and effective way to promote this behavior has been school-based dental care, where children visit a dentist for check-ups at regular intervals. Studies have shown that this preventive behavior seems to continue into adulthood.^29,39–40 Consequently, in those countries with higher rates for dental check-ups, school-based dental care programs have long dominated.⁴¹ In Iran, the public health services offer dental care to school children up to 12 years of age.⁴² The fact that this care does not include regular dental check-ups is probably reflected in the present adults’ check-up behavior as well.

Those insurance health systems with prevention-oriented features and an obligation to regular dental check-ups have resulted into higher rates of check-ups.⁷ The very low rates of checkups in the present study certainly reflect the nature of the health delivery system. Unfortunately, Iran has a treatment-oriented health care system where patients usually make a dental visit when they have trouble with their teeth or gums. The policies of either public or commercial insurance include no obligation to attend regular dental check-ups.

In our study, having a commercial insurance had a strong impact on attendance at dental checkups. This is in line with findings from countries with predominantly private insurance schemes and high rates of dental check-ups.^7–10,22,47 In Iran, commercial insurance is employer-sponsored, and dental services are offered to employees and their families as fringe benefits. These benefits are supposed to be used annually. For our adults, the ceiling of the annual remuneration by the insurance seemed to have led to symptom-based care rather than to regular dental check-ups.

The strong relationships we observed between dental check-ups and levels of education have also been found by several other studies. In Iran, those who have a high or medium level of education are usually employed, and they also tend to have higher income. That factor again, by itself, is associated with higher demand for dental care. In addition, people with higher education and income are more likely to have a dental insurance as a benefit.

Although recommendations regarding optimal recall intervals vary between countries and dental health care systems, general dental practitioners in many developed countries have traditionally advocated six-monthly dental check-ups.¹⁴ It can be assumed that rather many people with a high or medium level of education value their oral health and would follow dentist recommendations on regular check-ups. Based on the present low rates for check-ups, it seems that Iranian dentists have not adopted recalls in their everyday practice.

Disparities in the rates of dental check-ups according to gender and age were observed in the bivariate analyses, but these differences disappeared when controlled for in the logistic regression analyses. That gender was not correlated with dental check-up rates is an interesting finding in view of the frequent reports of higher demand for dental care among women.^{13,20,22,37,38} However, in our study population, more women than men reported a dental visit within the past 12 months.

In the present study, variation in numbers of dental visits within the past 12 months showed that level of education is associated with utilization. A wider evaluation of factors related to utilization of dental services could benefit of data of expenditures of oral health care. Unfortunately such information is not available for Iran. Nevertheless, the total expenditures of health in Iran are 6.6% of GDP (6.0% in 2001).⁴³ In addition, according to the Iran National Health Account, 18% of health expenditures are paid by health insurance, 23% by government and the rest is paid out-of-pocket.⁴⁴

In the present study, convenience of the interviewers and respondents and access to the vast majority of the target population (90%) were the important aspects for selecting the phone interview method. In addition, that is a cost-efficient method of data collection in area where the telephone system is well developed with a high coverage and cheap calls. Validity of such method for general and oral health research has been verified in several studies.^37,45–46 Although, there is a possibility that, those unable to be contacted because of mobility or lack of telephone line may differ from the respondents in their use of dental services.

CONCLUSIONS

The present results revealed the positive relationship between insurance and demand for dental care. Those having dental insurance were more likely to go to check-ups despite their generally low rate found in this country with a developing oral health care system. In such countries, health insurance schemes should therefore include obligatory regular dental checkups to emphasize prevention-oriented dental care.