Table 2.
Univariable and multivariable Cox survival analyses for potential predictors of no recovery from major depressive disorder (n=204), measured at baseline, with follow-up for three years
| Characteristics | Univariable | Multivariable | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hazard ratio (95% CI) | P value | Hazard ratio (95% CI) | P value | ||
| Age (years)* | 1.02 (1.00 to 1.04) | 0.143 | — | — | |
| Sex (women v men) | 1.06 (0.75 to 1.52) | 0.729 | — | — | |
| Education: | 0.325 | — | — | ||
| Middle v low | 1.28 (0.88 to 1.89) | 0.185 | — | — | |
| High v low | 0.95 (0.49 to 1.85) | 0.878 | — | — | |
| Living alone (yes v no)* | 1.32 (0.91 to 1.89) | 0.145 | — | — | |
| Comorbidity (somatic or psychiatric): | |||||
| Chronic somatic diseases | — | 0.408 | — | — | |
| 1 v 0 | 1.22 (0.72 to 2.04) | 0.463 | — | — | |
| ≥1 v 0 | 1.39 (0.85 to 2.27) | 0.191 | — | — | |
| Anxiety (yes v no)* | 1.28 (0.88 to 1.85) | 0.184 | — | — | |
| Cognitive dysfunction, MMSE score ≥24 v <24 | 1.35 (0.79 to 2.27) | 0.270 | — | — | |
| Depression: | |||||
| MÅDRS score (0-60)*† | 1.05 (1.03 to 1.08) | <0.001 | — | — | |
| PRIME-MD score (0-9)* | 1.22 (1.06 to 1.41) | <0.001 | 1.25 (1.08 to 1.45) | 0.003 | |
| Family history (yes v no)* | 1.30 (0.88 to 1.92) | 0.185 | 1.45 (0.97 to 2.17) | 0.070 | |
| Early onset (<55 years)* | 1.30 (0.90 to 1.89) | 0.158 | — | — | |
| Treatment (yes v no) | 1.10 (0.77 to 1.57) | 0.617 | — | — | |
| Quality of life, PCS (0-100)* | 0.99 (0.98 to 1.00) | 0.055 | 0.98 (0.97 to 0.99) | 0.008 | |
MMSE=mini-mental state examination score; MÅDRS=Montgomery Åsberg depression rating scale; PRIME-MD=primary care evaluation of mental disorders; PCS=physical component scale of SF-36.
*P<0.20. These eight variables were associated with poor outcome in univariable analyses and therefore selected for multivariable analysis.
†MÅDRS and PRIME-MD were highly correlated. Therefore only PRIME-MD was used for the multivariable model.