Skip to main content
NCBI home page
Journal of Clinical Microbiology logoLink to Journal of Clinical Microbiology
. 1994 Sep;32(9):2280–2284. doi: 10.1128/jcm.32.9.2280-2284.1994

Distribution of viral genotypes in Italy determined by hepatitis C virus typing by DNA immunoassay.

A Ravaggi 1, A Zonaro 1, M G Marin 1, M Puoti 1, A Albertini 1, E Cariani 1
PMCID: PMC263983  PMID: 7814559

Abstract

The distribution of hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes in Italy was investigated by PCR amplification of the E1 region and hybridization with type I- and type II-specific nonisotopic probes. Positive PCR results were obtained for 65 of 72 patients (90.3%). Type I was detected in 13 of 72 patients (18%), type II was detected in 39 patients (54.2%), and a mixed type I-type II infection was detected in 7 patients (9.7%). Six amplification products not classified by this method shared a low level of homology with HCV types I and II. HCV type I was significantly associated with human immunodeficiency virus, whereas HCV type II was detected in older subjects who were negative for human immunodeficiency virus markers. These results indicate different epidemiological distributions of HCV types I and II in Italy.

Full text

PDF
2280

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Bukh J., Purcell R. H., Miller R. H. At least 12 genotypes of hepatitis C virus predicted by sequence analysis of the putative E1 gene of isolates collected worldwide. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 Sep 1;90(17):8234–8238. doi: 10.1073/pnas.90.17.8234. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Bukh J., Purcell R. H., Miller R. H. Sequence analysis of the 5' noncoding region of hepatitis C virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Jun 1;89(11):4942–4946. doi: 10.1073/pnas.89.11.4942. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Cha T. A., Beall E., Irvine B., Kolberg J., Chien D., Kuo G., Urdea M. S. At least five related, but distinct, hepatitis C viral genotypes exist. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Aug 1;89(15):7144–7148. doi: 10.1073/pnas.89.15.7144. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Chan S. W., McOmish F., Holmes E. C., Dow B., Peutherer J. F., Follett E., Yap P. L., Simmonds P. Analysis of a new hepatitis C virus type and its phylogenetic relationship to existing variants. J Gen Virol. 1992 May;73(Pt 5):1131–1141. doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-73-5-1131. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Chomczynski P., Sacchi N. Single-step method of RNA isolation by acid guanidinium thiocyanate-phenol-chloroform extraction. Anal Biochem. 1987 Apr;162(1):156–159. doi: 10.1006/abio.1987.9999. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Choo Q. L., Kuo G., Weiner A. J., Overby L. R., Bradley D. W., Houghton M. Isolation of a cDNA clone derived from a blood-borne non-A, non-B viral hepatitis genome. Science. 1989 Apr 21;244(4902):359–362. doi: 10.1126/science.2523562. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Choo Q. L., Richman K. H., Han J. H., Berger K., Lee C., Dong C., Gallegos C., Coit D., Medina-Selby R., Barr P. J. Genetic organization and diversity of the hepatitis C virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991 Mar 15;88(6):2451–2455. doi: 10.1073/pnas.88.6.2451. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Enomoto N., Takada A., Nakao T., Date T. There are two major types of hepatitis C virus in Japan. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1990 Aug 16;170(3):1021–1025. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(90)90494-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Hayashi N., Higashi H., Kaminaka K., Sugimoto H., Esumi M., Komatsu K., Hayashi K., Sugitani M., Suzuki K., Tadao O. Molecular cloning and heterogeneity of the human hepatitis C virus (HCV) genome. J Hepatol. 1993;17 (Suppl 3):S94–107. doi: 10.1016/s0168-8278(05)80432-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Houghton M., Weiner A., Han J., Kuo G., Choo Q. L. Molecular biology of the hepatitis C viruses: implications for diagnosis, development and control of viral disease. Hepatology. 1991 Aug;14(2):381–388. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Imberti L., Cariani E., Bettinardi A., Zonaro A., Albertini A., Primi D. An immunoassay for specific amplified HCV sequences. J Virol Methods. 1991 Oct;34(3):233–243. doi: 10.1016/0166-0934(91)90103-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Kato N., Hijikata M., Ootsuyama Y., Nakagawa M., Ohkoshi S., Sugimura T., Shimotohno K. Molecular cloning of the human hepatitis C virus genome from Japanese patients with non-A, non-B hepatitis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990 Dec;87(24):9524–9528. doi: 10.1073/pnas.87.24.9524. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Mantero G., Zonaro A., Albertini A., Bertolo P., Primi D. DNA enzyme immunoassay: general method for detecting products of polymerase chain reaction. Clin Chem. 1991 Mar;37(3):422–429. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Miller R. H., Purcell R. H. Hepatitis C virus shares amino acid sequence similarity with pestiviruses and flaviviruses as well as members of two plant virus supergroups. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990 Mar;87(6):2057–2061. doi: 10.1073/pnas.87.6.2057. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Mori S., Kato N., Yagyu A., Tanaka T., Ikeda Y., Petchclai B., Chiewsilp P., Kurimura T., Shimotohno K. A new type of hepatitis C virus in patients in Thailand. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1992 Feb 28;183(1):334–342. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(92)91648-a. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Nakao T., Enomoto N., Takada N., Takada A., Date T. Typing of hepatitis C virus genomes by restriction fragment length polymorphism. J Gen Virol. 1991 Sep;72(Pt 9):2105–2112. doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-72-9-2105. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Okamoto H., Kurai K., Okada S., Yamamoto K., Lizuka H., Tanaka T., Fukuda S., Tsuda F., Mishiro S. Full-length sequence of a hepatitis C virus genome having poor homology to reported isolates: comparative study of four distinct genotypes. Virology. 1992 May;188(1):331–341. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(92)90762-e. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Okamoto H., Okada S., Sugiyama Y., Kurai K., Iizuka H., Machida A., Miyakawa Y., Mayumi M. Nucleotide sequence of the genomic RNA of hepatitis C virus isolated from a human carrier: comparison with reported isolates for conserved and divergent regions. J Gen Virol. 1991 Nov;72(Pt 11):2697–2704. doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-72-11-2697. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Okamoto H., Sugiyama Y., Okada S., Kurai K., Akahane Y., Sugai Y., Tanaka T., Sato K., Tsuda F., Miyakawa Y. Typing hepatitis C virus by polymerase chain reaction with type-specific primers: application to clinical surveys and tracing infectious sources. J Gen Virol. 1992 Mar;73(Pt 3):673–679. doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-73-3-673. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Pistello M., Maggi F., Vatteroni L., Cecconi N., Panicucci F., Bresci G. P., Gambardella L., Taddei M., Bionda A., Tuoni M. Prevalence of hepatitis C virus genotypes in Italy. J Clin Microbiol. 1994 Jan;32(1):232–234. doi: 10.1128/jcm.32.1.232-234.1994. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Puoti M., Zonaro A., Ravaggi A., Marin M. G., Castelnuovo F., Cariani E. Hepatitis C virus RNA and antibody response in the clinical course of acute hepatitis C virus infection. Hepatology. 1992 Oct;16(4):877–881. doi: 10.1002/hep.1840160404. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Sanger F., Nicklen S., Coulson A. R. DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1977 Dec;74(12):5463–5467. doi: 10.1073/pnas.74.12.5463. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Simmonds P., Holmes E. C., Cha T. A., Chan S. W., McOmish F., Irvine B., Beall E., Yap P. L., Kolberg J., Urdea M. S. Classification of hepatitis C virus into six major genotypes and a series of subtypes by phylogenetic analysis of the NS-5 region. J Gen Virol. 1993 Nov;74(Pt 11):2391–2399. doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-74-11-2391. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Simmonds P., McOmish F., Yap P. L., Chan S. W., Lin C. K., Dusheiko G., Saeed A. A., Holmes E. C. Sequence variability in the 5' non-coding region of hepatitis C virus: identification of a new virus type and restrictions on sequence diversity. J Gen Virol. 1993 Apr;74(Pt 4):661–668. doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-74-4-661. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Takada N., Takase S., Enomoto N., Takada A., Date T. Clinical backgrounds of the patients having different types of hepatitis C virus genomes. J Hepatol. 1992 Jan;14(1):35–40. doi: 10.1016/0168-8278(92)90128-c. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Takada N., Takase S., Takada A., Date T. Differences in the hepatitis C virus genotypes in different countries. J Hepatol. 1993 Mar;17(3):277–283. doi: 10.1016/s0168-8278(05)80205-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Takamizawa A., Mori C., Fuke I., Manabe S., Murakami S., Fujita J., Onishi E., Andoh T., Yoshida I., Okayama H. Structure and organization of the hepatitis C virus genome isolated from human carriers. J Virol. 1991 Mar;65(3):1105–1113. doi: 10.1128/jvi.65.3.1105-1113.1991. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Takeuchi K., Boonmar S., Kubo Y., Katayama T., Harada H., Ohbayashi A., Choo Q. L., Kuo G., Houghton M., Saito I. Hepatitis C viral cDNA clones isolated from a healthy carrier donor implicated in post-transfusion non-A, non-B hepatitis. Gene. 1990 Jul 16;91(2):287–291. doi: 10.1016/0378-1119(90)90102-w. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Takeuchi K., Kubo Y., Boonmar S., Watanabe Y., Katayama T., Choo Q. L., Kuo G., Houghton M., Saito I., Miyamura T. Nucleotide sequence of core and envelope genes of the hepatitis C virus genome derived directly from human healthy carriers. Nucleic Acids Res. 1990 Aug 11;18(15):4626–4626. doi: 10.1093/nar/18.15.4626. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Takeuchi K., Kubo Y., Boonmar S., Watanabe Y., Katayama T., Choo Q. L., Kuo G., Houghton M., Saito I., Miyamura T. The putative nucleocapsid and envelope protein genes of hepatitis C virus determined by comparison of the nucleotide sequences of two isolates derived from an experimentally infected chimpanzee and healthy human carriers. J Gen Virol. 1990 Dec;71(Pt 12):3027–3033. doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-71-12-3027. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Weiner A. J., Brauer M. J., Rosenblatt J., Richman K. H., Tung J., Crawford K., Bonino F., Saracco G., Choo Q. L., Houghton M. Variable and hypervariable domains are found in the regions of HCV corresponding to the flavivirus envelope and NS1 proteins and the pestivirus envelope glycoproteins. Virology. 1991 Feb;180(2):842–848. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(91)90104-j. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Yoshioka K., Kakumu S., Wakita T., Ishikawa T., Itoh Y., Takayanagi M., Higashi Y., Shibata M., Morishima T. Detection of hepatitis C virus by polymerase chain reaction and response to interferon-alpha therapy: relationship to genotypes of hepatitis C virus. Hepatology. 1992 Aug;16(2):293–299. doi: 10.1002/hep.1840160203. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Journal of Clinical Microbiology are provided here courtesy of American Society for Microbiology (ASM)

RESOURCES