Prospective study of patients with altered mental status: clinical features and outcome

Abstract

Aims

Patients with altered mental status (AMS) present commonly to the Emergency Department (ED). The aim of this prospective study is to identify the various clinical features of this diverse group of patients and trace their outcomes. This will allow clinicians to be aware of the natural history of the symptom complex and the difficulties in managing them.

Methods

In this prospective observational study, we recruited patients aged 18 and above diagnosed with AMS at Tan Tock Seng Hospital ED from December 2006 to October 2007. This is an urban ED. Demographic, clinical, radiology, laboratory data, final diagnosis and length of stay were collected from their entry into the ED till discharge or demise using the ED’s and inpatient electronic records.

Results

From December 2006 to October 2007, 967 patients with a mean age of 66.5 years diagnosed with AMS were recruited into our study. The total number of CT scans done during the study period was 674, of which 246 (37%) were abnormal and 428 (63%) were normal. The mean hospital length of stay was 11.6 days. Patients with abnormal CT results stayed longer than those whose results were normal (median of 9 days versus median of 6 days). The three most common causes of AMS in our study population were of neurological (34.4%), infectious (18.3%) and metabolic (12%) aetiologies. Overall, 106 (11%) patients died during hospitalisation; 36 (33.9%) and 39 (36.8%) deaths were attributed to ischaemic stroke and haemorrhagic stroke, respectively.

Conclusions

AMS remains a symptom complex that carries a significant length of hospital stay and mortality. The most common causes of AMS are those that require timely intervention and are highly treatable. This study will provide insight into proper allocation of resources to manage this group of patients, from triaging to investigations and treatment at the ED and inpatient levels.

Introduction

Altered mental status (AMS) is a symptom complex that continually poses a great challenge in the Emergency Department (ED). It has various causes and treatments, many of which require timely intervention [1].

The purpose of the study is to provide insight into the clinical, demographical features as well as the outcome of patients presenting to our ED through to their entire length of stay in the hospital.

We aim to provide clinicians with the necessary information regarding the epidemiology of this symptom complex in an urban ED. This will guide future allocation of resources in the most cost-effective manner in the management of patients with AMS.

Methods

A prospective observational study was conducted on all patients presenting to the ED with altered mental state (AMS) from December 2006 to October 2007 at Tan Tock Seng Hospital (TTSH), Singapore. TTSH is an urban ED with an annual census of 154,000 in 2007 and receives patients from all regions in the country.

A pilot study using retrospective data in our department together with review of the literature [2–4] formed the basis of an AMS data collection form that was prospectively completed by the ED doctors for all recruited patients.

AMS was defined as a state of drowsiness, unresponsiveness, sudden behavioural change, disorientation or confusion, agitation or hallucination.

All patients above 18 years of age who presented with AMS at triage in the ED were included in the study. Patients referred from another healthcare facility for whom their referring physicians had already worked out the cause for AMS were excluded from the study. Similarly, patients who had sustained major trauma from motor vehicle crashes or falls from heights were excluded. This study was approved by the National Healthcare Group Research Ethics Committee.

Patients were managed by attending emergency physicians (EPs) and ward specialists. The management and the utilisation of specific investigations like computer tomographic (CT) scans were based on the discretion of the attending doctors.

Demographic, clinical, radiological and laboratory data of each patient throughout the stay in the hospital from entry into the ED till discharge or demise were collected. ED electronic notes, AMS forms, inpatient medical records, radiology films and reports were reviewed.

All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 13.0 (SPSS Inc., IL). All tests were conducted at the 5% level of significance, with odds ratios (OR) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) reported where applicable.

Results

From December 2006 to October 2007, 967 patients with AMS were recruited into our study. The annual attendance for 2007 was 154,000. Table 1 describes the baseline demographic data for the patients recruited. The majority of patients (60%) were 65 years and above. AMS patients presented most commonly (67%) within the first 24 h of onset of symptom with drowsiness as the most common presenting complaint (51%).

Table 1.

Demographics of study population (N = 967)

Variables	Total
Gender
Males	459 (48%)
Ethnicity
Chinese	747 (77%)
Malay	106 (11%)
Indian	86 (9%)
Others	28 (3%)
Age range (in years)
65 and above	581 (60%)
Type of AMS
Drowsiness	331 (51%)
Sudden behavioural change	180 (27%)
Unresponsiveness	248 (37%)
Disorientated/confused	199 (30%)
Agitation	51 (8%)
Hallucination	41 (6%)
Duration of AMS
Acute (24 h)	647 (67%)
Subacute (less than 7 days)	215 (22%)
Chronic (more than 7 days)	105 (11%)
Concurrent medications
Benzodiazepine	55 (6%)
Tricyclic anti-depressant	8 (1%)
SSRIs	54 (6%)
Anti-psychotics	66 (7%)
Anti-coagulant	34 (4%)
Anti-platelet	121 (13%)
Alcohol	53 (6%)

The frequency of AMS increases with age in a non-Gaussian manner with a mode of 75 years and mean of 66.5 years (SD of 18.1).

After the initial screening investigations of an electrocardiogram and capillary blood sugar, the subsequent management was based on the discretion of the attending emergency physician or inpatient specialists. Of note, 674 patients (70%) received CT scan of the brain, of which 394 (58%) were performed at the ED and the rest at the ward level. Of all CT scans performed, 246 (36%) were reported to be abnormal; 135 were found to have ischaemic stroke, 106 to have haemorrhagic stroke and 5 to have tumours.

All patients were admitted to either the medical, neurology or neurosurgical units based on the attending EP’s provisional diagnosis.

The various definitive causes of AMS upon discharge or demise are demonstrated in Table 2.

Table 2.

Causes of AMS in patients aged 16–64 (N = 392) and >65 (N = 600)*

Cause of death	18–64 years	65 years and above
Neurological	11.7%	22.7%
Infectious	4.3%	14.0%
Metabolic	4.3%	7.8%
Toxicological	6.0%	2.2%
Cardiac	1.5%	5.9%
Organ specific impairment	5.0%	1.7%
Psychiatric	1.1%	1.7%
Trauma	1.0%	1.4%
Miscellaneous	3.2%	4.7%

*N > 967 as some patients were assessed to have more than one cause of AMS

In the younger age group of 16–64 years, the various AMS causes were more evenly distributed with neurological, psychiatric and toxicological aetiologies as relatively more common. In the older age group of >65 years, neurological, infectious and metabolic aetiologies were more common. In the latter group of patients, the sources of infection include urinary tract infection (36%), pneumonia (22%) and sepsis (27%).

The outcomes of these AMS patients were followed up prospectively. The mean hospital length of stay was 11.6 days (median 7 days; range 1–137 days). Patients with abnormal CT results stayed longer than those whose results were normal (median of 9 days; range 1–137 days compared with median of 6 days; range 1–114 days; p = 0.001).

Overall, 106 (11%) patients died during hospitalisation; 36 (33.9%) and 39 (36.8%) deaths were attributed to ischaemic stroke and haemorrhagic stroke, respectively.

We investigated the causes of mortality between the younger (18–64 years) and older (>65 years) subgroups. The majority of younger patients died from haemorrhagic stroke, while in older patients, mortality is distributed amongst ischaemic stroke (38%), haemorrhagic stroke (30%) and others (chiefly infection; 20%). This is demonstrated in Table 3.

Table 3.

Distribution of causes of mortality between two age subgroups

Cause of death	18–64 years old (n = 30; 28%)	65 years and above (n = 76; 72%)	p value
Trauma	1 (3.3%)	5 (6.6%)	0.673
Cardiac	1 (3.3%)	4 (5.3%)	1.000
Others*	5 (16.7%)	15 (19.7%)	0.790
Ischaemic stroke	7 (23.3%)	29 (38.2%)	0.176
Haemorrhagic stroke	16 (53.3%)	23 (30.3%)	0.043

*Others include infective causes or combination of infective and CVA; trauma includes relatively minor mechanisms like falls

Table 4 illustrates the outcomes of the survivors. The majority of patients were discharged to primary care (76%) or the hospital’s outpatient clinics (12%). A small minority of patients were transferred to step-down care comprising of nursing homes (2.4%) and rehabilitation hospitals (3.8%).

Table 4.

Distribution of outcomes of surviving AMS patients (N = 861)

Outcome	Number
Discharge to primary care	651
Discharge to nursing home	21
Transfer to rehabilitation hospital	33
Discharge to hospital outpatient clinic	107
Discharged against medical advice	26
Missing data*	23

*Missing data includes those with incomplete data or those whose disposition was not available at time of conclusion of study

Discussion

AMS remains a diagnostic challenge in the Emergency Department. It has a multitude of possible aetiologies. Acute onset of AMS within 24 h is the most common reason for seeking consultation at the ED. Among the various aetiologies, neurological causes are the most common, and our findings agree with what had been reported by Kanich et al. [5]. Futhermore, this has important downstream implications for triaging and cost-effective use of investigations, especially CT scan of the brain [6, 7].

We have demonstrated that AMS is a symptom complex that carries a high admission rate, a long length of stay and significant mortality rate (11% in our study, and this agrees with what is reported by Zeynep Kekec et al. [8]). Our study has also demonstrated that the causes of AMS vary amongst the different age groups. Although it is not as common as other complaints like chest pain, it is one that challenges the physician’s judgment, and time is required in the evaluation of such patients. This also impacts on resource utilisation within the hospital.

AMS will continue to be a diagnostic challenge for EPs worldwide as the world’s population ages. Appropriate management of AMS in geriatric patients in the ED requires substantial staff time, training, resources and commitment. In addition, EP’s satisfaction in management of this group of patients who require prolonged clinician time will also be affected in this high-stress environment [9].

Conclusion

AMS is and will be a growing symptom complex that prompts caregivers to consult the public healthcare system particularly in the context of a rapidly aging population in many countries.

The common and important causes of AMS require timely diagnosis, intervention and are largely amenable to treatment. AMS remains a symptom that carries a significant degree of morbidity and mortality, especially in elderly patients with neurological aetiologies.

Future research should be targeted to exploring cost-effective ways to triage, investigate and manage this symptom complex.

Biography

  I, Dr. Lim Beng Leong, am currently working as an associate consultant in Tan Tock Seng Emergency Department, an urban ED in Singapore. I have done a retrospective study of AMS patients that was used as a pilot for the current study. My other research interests are in emergency cardiac care, and I am currently working on projects of pre-hospital ECGs and their impact on mortality and baseline ECG features that are important to recognize at triage, such as Wellen’s and Brugada ECGs.