Abstract
The results of antiviral therapy for hepatitis C virus (HCV) have improved recently with the use of pegylated interferon (PEG-IFN)/ribavirin (RBV) combination therapy. At this point, most patients with chronic HCV remain untreated. Thus, it is anticipated that therapy will be more appealing and prescribed more broadly than in the past, including in patients considered marginal.
AIM:
To examine the effects of PEG-IFN-based antiviral therapy in elderly patients with chronic HCV.
METHODS:
The charts of patients treated with chronic HCV were reviewed. Patients were defined as elderly if they were 60 years of age or older. The control group consisted of patients younger than 60 years of age who were matched to the treated elderly patients based on sex, treating physician, prescribed treatment and intended prescribed treatment duration. The data recorded included end of treatment response, sustained virological response (SVR), adverse events, dose modification and withdrawal of therapy.
RESULTS:
Thirty of 147 (20.4%) elderly patients attending a hepatitis C clinic were treated. The average age of the elderly patients was 65±4 years. Forty-three per cent were men and 57% were women. Ten per cent received IFN monotherapy, 70% received a combination of IFN/RBV therapy and 20% received a combination of PEG-IFN/RBV therapy. The overall response rates in the elderly patients compared with the younger patients was 46.7% versus 65.8% (P=0.11) for end of treatment response and 33.3% versus 51.2% (P=0.13) for SVR. The rate of dose modification was 50% in the elderly patients compared with 29% in the control group (P=0.08). Therapy was discontinued in 53% of the elderly compared with 34% of younger patients (P=0.17). The younger patients reported more side effects than elderly patients; although, there were more laboratory abnormalities (anemia, thrombocytopenia and neutropenia) in the elderly patients during therapy than in the younger group (0.93 per patient versus 0.49 per patient, P=0.01).
CONCLUSION:
Elderly patients with chronic HCV can be treated successfully. However, they are more at risk to develop cytopenias while on treatment. In such patients, the close monitoring of blood counts is necessary. Larger studies are needed to confirm these findings and to determine whether SVR differs in this population.
Keywords: Cytopenia, Hepatitis C, Pegylated interferon therapy, Ribavirin therapy
Abstract
CONTEXTE :
L’arrivée récente de l’association de l’interféron (INF) pégylé (PEG) et de la ribavirine (RBV) a permis d’améliorer les résultats du traitement antiviral de l’hépatite C. Jusque là, la plupart des patients atteints d’hépatite C chronique n’étaient pas traités. Maintenant, on croit que le traitement sera plus attrayant et sera prescrit plus souvent que par le passé, entre autres, à des patients laissés en marge.
BUT :
L’étude avait pour but d’examiner les effets du traitement antiviral composé d’INF-PEG et de RBV chez les personnes âgées atteintes d’hépatite C chronique.
MÉTHODE :
Nous avons passé en revue les dossiers de patients traités pour une hépatite C chronique. Étaient considérés comme âgés les patients qui avaient 60 ans et plus. Le groupe témoin se composait de patients âgés de moins de 60 ans, qui ont été appariés à des patients âgés selon le sexe, le médecin traitant, le traitement prescrit et la durée prévue du traitement. Les données relevées portaient sur la réaction à la fin du traitement, la durée de la réaction virale, les effets indésirables, les modifications de la posologie et l’abandon du traitement.
RÉSULTATS :
Trente patients âgés sur 147 (20,4 %) fréquentant une clinique de traitement de l’hépatite C ont été traités. Ils avaient en moyenne 65±4 ans; 43 % d’entre eux étaient des hommes et 57 %, des femmes. Dix pour cent des patients ont reçu de l’INF seul; 70 %, de l’INF et de la RBV; 20%, de l’INF-PEG et de la RBV. Les taux globaux de réaction chez les personnes âgées comparativement aux patients plus jeunes se sont établis à 46,7 % contre 65,8 % (P=0,11) pour la réaction à la fin du traitement et à 33,3 % contre 51,2 % (P=0,13) pour la durée de la réaction virale. Quant au taux de modification de la posologie, il était de 50 % chez les personnes âgées et de 29 % dans le groupe témoin (P=0,08). Par ailleurs, il y a eu abandon du traitement chez 53 % des personnes âgées et 34 % des jeunes (P=0,17). Enfin, les jeunes ont fait état de plus d’effets indésirables que les personnes âgées, mais ces dernières présentaient plus d’anomalies aux examens de laboratoire (anémie, thrombocytopénie et neutropénie) en cours de traitement que les patients plus jeunes (0,93 par patient contre 0,49 par patient; P=0,01).
CONCLUSIONS :
L’hépatite C chronique peut se traiter avec succès chez les personnes âgées, mais elles sont plus susceptibles de présenter de la cytopénie en cours de traitement. Une surveillance étroite de la numération globulaire s’impose donc chez ces personnes. Enfin, il faudrait mener des études plus poussées pour confirmer les résultats obtenus et vérifier si la durée de la réaction virale varie selon les populations.
It is estimated that there are 170 million individuals infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) worldwide (1). There have been recent improvements in antiviral therapy for HCV, with the use of pegylated interferon (PEGIFN)/ribavirin (RBV) combination therapy. Despite these advances most patients with chronic HCV remain untreated. To date, large studies that have evaluated IFN therapy have typically had strict exclusion criteria (2–5). These studies often excluded elderly patients. In fact, the 1997 Consensus Development Conference Panel on the Management of Hepatitis C infection recommended that therapy be limited to adults, 18 to 60 years of age, who had compensated liver disease with elevated aminotransferase level and no comorbid conditions, except HIV infection (6). Elderly patients with HCV have been inadequately studied (7–12) and are often not treated (13,14). The aim of the present study was to examine the results of IFN-based antiviral therapy in elderly patients with chronic HCV.
METHODS
The charts of patients treated for chronic HCV at Royal Victoria Hospital (Montreal, Quebec) and Jewish General Hospital (Montreal, Quebec) were reviewed. Patients were defined as elderly if they were 60 years or older. The elderly group was compared with control patients, younger than 60 years of age, who were attending and treated at the clinics. An attempt was made to match patients based on sex, treating physician, prescribed treatment and prescribed treatment duration. Patients with HIV coinfection were not included in the analysis. The data recorded included end of treatment response (ETR), sustained virological response (SVR), adverse events, dose modification and withdrawal of therapy. All patients begun therapy from October 1996 to September 2002. The choice of drug therapy (IFN monotherapy, IFN and RBV, or PEG-IFN and RBV) was based on the therapy that was available at the time of treatment initiation and the choice of the treating physician. The treating physician decided the prescribed treatment duration.
ETR was defined as a negative qualitative HCV RNA test using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) at the end of therapy (HCV PCR, Roche Kit [USA]). SVR was defined as a negative HCV RNA test using PCR after 24 weeks of completion of therapy. Clinically significant anemia, thrombocytopenia and neutropenia were considered to have occurred if patients developed grade 2 or greater cytopenia as defined by the Common Toxicity Criteria of the National Cancer Institute (USA) (15). Treating physicians treated laboratory abnormalities and adverse events by reducing drug doses according to manufacturer’s instructions or by discontinuing therapy.
Statistical analysis
Statistical analysis was performed using GraphPad Quickcals Software (GraphPad Software Inc, USA). The Fisher’s exact test was used to compare the incidence of ETR, SVR, laboratory abnormality events, adverse events, incidence of dose modification and incidence of withdrawal of therapy between the two groups. Student’s t test was used to compare the mean laboratory values before and after therapy between the two groups. P≤0.05 was considered statistically significant.
RESULTS
Table 1 lists the patient’s baseline characteristics. There was no significant difference in baseline characteristics between the two groups except for age and lower hemoglobin and platelet levels in the elderly group. A higher proportion of young patients had stage 2 fibrosis or equivalent (16–18). There was no difference in the proportion of elderly patients with stage 3 and 4 fibrosis compared with the young group (73.3% versus 53.7%, P=0.14). There was no difference in treatment drugs and viral genotype between the elderly and young group.
TABLE 1.
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristics | Age <60 years | Age ≥60 years | P |
|---|---|---|---|
| n | 41 | 30 | |
| Male, n (%) | 24 (58.5) | 13 (43.3) | 0.21 |
| Female, n (%) | 17 (41.5) | 17 (56.7) | |
| Mean age, years | 44.5±8.7 | 65.13±4.2 | <0.0001 |
| Treatment | |||
| Interferon | 1 (2.4) | 3 (10) | 0.3 |
| Inferferon + RBV | 27 (65.9) | 21 (70) | 0.8 |
| + RBV Pegylated interferon + RBV | 13 (31.7) | 6 (20) | 0.29 |
| Mean hemoglobin, g/L | 147±16.8 | 139±12 | 0.0105 |
| Mean neutrophils, ×109/L | 3.84±1.71 | 3.35±1.32 | 0.097 |
| Mean platelets, ×109/L | 211±87 | 155±75 | 0.0042 |
| Pathology, n (%) | |||
| Biopsied | 39 (95.1) | 27 (90.0) | 0.64 |
| Stage 0 | 2 (4.9) | 0 (0.00) | 0.51 |
| Stage 1 | 2 (4.9) | 1 (3.3) | 1.00 |
| Stage 2 | 13 (28) | 1 (3.3) | 0.003 |
| Stage 3 | 10 (24.4) | 13 (43.3) | 0.12 |
| Stage 4 | 12 (29.3) | 9 (30.0) | 1.00 |
| Unknown | 0 (0.00) | 3 (10.0) | 0.07 |
| Genotype, n (%) | |||
| 1 | 18 (43.9) | 8 (26.7) | 0.21 |
| 2 | 4 (9.8) | 8 (26.7) | 0.11 |
| 3 | 4 (9.8) | 0 (0.00) | 0.13 |
| 4 | 2 (4.9) | 2 (6.7) | 1.00 |
| Unknown | 13 (31.7) | 12 (40) | 0.62 |
| Prescribed duration, n (%) | |||
| 24 weeks | 5 (12.2) | 8 (26.7) | 0.12 |
| 48 weeks | 36 (87.8) | 22 (73.3) | |
RBV Ribavirin
Of all patients attending the HCV clinics, 20% of the elderly patients and 33% of young patients were treated. Five physicians were involved in the treatment of the patients in the HCV clinics. There was no difference in distribution of patients among physicians. The first physician treated five young and five elderly patients, the second physician treated six young and four elderly, the third physician treated seven young and six elderly, the fourth physician treated 18 young and 13 elderly and the fifth physician treated five young and two elderly. Of these 30 elderly patients, 10% received IFN monotherapy, 70% received a combination of IFN/RBV therapy and 20% received a combination of PEG-IFN/RBV therapy.
The 30 elderly patients were compared with 41 young control patients. There was no significant difference in ETR (46.7% versus 65.8%, P=0.11) and SVR (33.3% versus 51.2%, P=0.13) between the two groups.
The rate of early termination of therapy in the elderly group was 53.3% and it was 34.1% in the young group (P=0.17). Adverse events were the most common reason for discontinuing therapy (Table 2). The rate of dose reduction of therapy in the elderly group was 43.3% compared with 29.3% in the young group. The elderly had a significantly higher rate of dose reduction of therapy, 40% versus 6% (P=0.031), due to laboratory abnormalities (anemia, thrombocytopenia and neutropenia). None of the physicians used growth factors to treat cytopenias.
TABLE 2.
Completion of therapy and dose modification
| Outcomes | Age <60 years n (%) | Age ≥60 years n (%) | P |
|---|---|---|---|
| Therapy stopped | 14 (34.1) | 16 (53.3) | NS |
| No response | 5 (12.2) | 2 (6.7) | NS |
| Adverse event | 5 (12.2) | 9 (30) | NS |
| Laboratory abnormalities | 3 (7.3) | 5 (16.7) | NS |
| Other | 3 (7.3) | 3 (10) | NS |
| Unknown | 2 (4.9) | 0 (0) | NS |
| Dose modification | 12 (29.3) | 15 (50) | NS |
| Increased | 0 (0) | 2 (6.7) | NS |
| Decreased | 12 (29.3) | 13 (43.3) | NS |
| Adverse event | 5 (12.2) | 3 (10) | NS |
| Laboratory abnormalities | 7 (6) | 12 (40) | 0.031 |
| Other | 0 (0) | 2 (6.7) | NS |
NS Not significant
All patients reported common adverse events (Table 3), although the younger group reported an overall higher rate of events than the elderly group (4.46 events per patient versus 2.9 events per patient, P<0.001). A significantly higher number of younger patients reported depression, myalgias and irritability. There were no adverse cardiovascular events reported.
TABLE 3.
Reported adverse events/symptoms
| Symptoms and events | Age <60 years n (%) | Age ≥60 years n (%) | P |
|---|---|---|---|
| Depression | 19 (46.3) | 5 (16.7) | 0.01 |
| Fatigue | 28 (68.3) | 15 (50) | 0.14 |
| Headache | 11 (26.8) | 8 (26.7) | 1.00 |
| Pyrexia | 8 (19.5) | 2 (6.7) | 0.17 |
| Myalgia | 20 (48.8) | 7 (23.3) | 0.0469 |
| Insomnia | 8 (19.5) | 4 (13.3) | 0.54 |
| Nausea | 11 (26.8) | 6 (20) | 0.58 |
| Alopecia | 7 (17.1) | 2 (6.7) | 0.28 |
| Arthralgia | 9 (22) | 5 (16.7) | 0.76 |
| Irritability | 10 (24.4) | 0 (0.00) | 0.0038 |
| Rigors | 5 (12.2) | 5 (16.7) | 0.73 |
| Pruritis | 11 (26.8) | 7 (23.3) | 0.79 |
| Anorexia | 6 (14.6) | 7 (23.3) | 0.37 |
| Dermatitis | 15 (36.6) | 9 (30) | 0.62 |
| Flu-like | 15 (36.6) | 5 (16.7) | 0.11 |
| Total events | 183 | 87 | |
| Total events per patient | 4.46 | 2.9 | 0.01 |
Both treatment groups had significant and similar drops in blood counts with therapy. The mean drops in blood counts were 31.6 g/L and 31 g/L for hemoglobin, 2.0×109/L and 1.6×109/L for neutrophils, and 47×109/L and 36×109/L for platelets, for the group younger than 60 years and the group 60 years or older, respectively (Table 4). Although no young patients developed grade 2 or higher thrombocytopenia, 10% of the elderly patients developed grade 2 (50×109/L to 74×109/L) and grade 3 (10×109/L to 49×109/L) thrombocytopenia with therapy.
TABLE 4.
Mean drops in blood count with therapy
| Age <60 years | Age ≥60 years | P | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hemoglobin, g/L | 31.6±14.4 | 31±16.4 | 0.92 |
| Neutrophils, ×109/L | 2.0±1.7 | 1.6±0.9 | 0.20 |
| Platelets, ×109/L | 47.0±56 | 36±46 | 0.40 |
Fifteen per cent of young patients and 30% of elderly patients developed grade 2 (80 g/L to 99 g/L) anemia with therapy. Seventeen per cent of young patients developed grade 2 (1.0×109/L to 1.4×109/L) and grade 3 (0.5×109/L to 0.9×109/L) neutropenia with therapy, while 16.7% and 26.7% of the elderly developed grade 2 and 3 neutropenia, respectively.
The elderly group had a significantly higher overall rate of laboratory abnormalities than the younger group (0.93 events per patient versus 0.488 events per patient, P=0.01).
DISCUSSION
In the present comparison of young (younger than 60 years) and elderly (60 years or older) patients treated with IFN-based therapy for HCV, we found that elderly patients with chronic HCV can be treated successfully. The elderly patients tolerated therapy well and reported fewer side effects than the younger patients. However, they were at greater risk for developing cytopenias while on treatment.
The elderly patients had a trend toward a higher rate of premature discontinuation of therapy, which was not statistically significant (53.3% versus 34.1%, P=0.17) (Table 2). These rates are higher than previously reported rates of premature treatment termination. Earlier trials using standard IFN and RBV therapy have reported a 20% discontinuation rate (4,5). Fried et al (19) reported 10% discontinuation for PEG-IFN and RBV therapy and 11% discontinuation for standard IFN and RBV. In another study (2), 14% and 13% had discontinuation of therapy for PEG-IFN and standard IFN, respectively. These lower rates of discontinuation are likely to be a reflection of strict selection of patients who are more likely to have adhered to therapy. The results of the present study are thus more generalizable to real patient populations. All of these studies demonstrated that the most common reason for termination of therapy was adverse events, as was demonstrated in the present study.
The elderly group also had a trend toward a higher incidence of dose reduction of therapy due to all causes, which was not statistically significant (43.3% versus 29.9%). The elderly did have a significantly higher rate of dose reductions due to laboratory abnormalities (40% versus 6%, P=0.031). The rates are comparable with previously published rates. Previous studies (19) have demonstrated that dose reductions were required in 32% of patients treated with PEG-IFN and 27% in those treated with standard IFN, with laboratory abnormalities being the most common reason for dose reduction. In another study (2), dose modifications were required at a frequency of 42% for adverse events and 27% for laboratory abnormalities with PEG-IFN therapy. The rate was 34% for adverse events and 21% for laboratory abnormalities with standard IFN (2).
Both the younger and elderly group had significant and similar drops in blood counts with therapy. However, patients 60 years of age or older had a higher rate of grade 2 or higher cytopenias requiring frequent dose modification (40% of elderly patients). The higher rate of grade 2 or greater cytopenias may be explained by the lower level of baseline hemoglobin, neutrophils and platelets in the elderly group. Our data show that such patients are at greater risk for cytopenias and, thus, require close monitoring and appropriate adjustment of therapy when cytopenias do occur.
The younger patients reported a higher incidence of adverse events (4.46 per patient versus 2.9 per patient). Despite this, treating physicians more often prematurely discontinued therapy in elderly patients for adverse events, 30% of elderly patients versus 12.2% of younger patients. This may be explained by the fact that the elderly patients may have had more severe adverse events or that the treating physician was more reluctant to continue therapy in an elderly patient with symptoms than in a younger patient. Despite a trend toward a higher incidence of premature treatment termination in the elderly group (53.3% versus 34.1%), they did not have a significantly lower rate of ETR and SVR. It is feasible that a lower rate of discontinuation of therapy in elderly patients may translate into a higher rate of ETR and SVR in this group. McHutchison et al (20) have already described that patients who receive more than 80% of the IFN regimen, more than 80% of RBV and more than 80% of the expected duration of therapy have a higher rate of SVR.
The present study is the first to specifically look at chronic HCV treatment response in the elderly. The rates of ETR and SVR in the control group studied are similar to previously published response rates (2,19). We expected the treatment response in the elderly group to be significantly lower than that of the control group. This was based on the assumption that the elderly patients likely had HCV for a longer period of time and it is well established that the duration of the disease is a prognostic factor for response to therapy. This is evident in the fact that the elderly patients had a trend toward a higher rate of grade 3 and 4 fibrosis compared with the younger patients (73.3% versus 53.7%, P=0.14). Despite this and a documented higher rate of treatment termination, laboratory abnormalities and dose modifications in the elderly group, we found no significant difference in ETR and SVR when compared with the control group. This finding may be due to the fact that we had a small number of patients and did not have enough power to detect a difference.
Our data have demonstrated that elderly patients can be successfully treated with IFN-based therapy for HCV. They are more at risk for developing cytopenias while on treatment, thus, close monitoring of blood counts is necessary. Judicious dose modification and use of growth factors may improve treatment success. Larger studies are needed to confirm these findings and determine whether SVR differs in the elderly.
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