TABLE 1.
Means, standard deviations, sample sizes, and variance components (± standard error) across all ages, for traits measured in adult males and females
| Trait | Mean | SD | N | VA | VPE | VM | VR | CVA | h2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Males | |||||||||
| Horn length (mm) | 265.29 | 108.45 | 2679/1449 | 811.70 ± 176.30*** | 892.20 ± 159.20*** | 14.71 ± 29.57 | 479.30 ± 18.71*** | 10.74 | 0.37 ± 0.08 |
| Body weight (kg) | 21.22 | 8.08 | 2032/1685 | 0.67 ± 0.32* | 4.30 ± 0.76*** | 0.57 ± 0.32 | 7.38 ± 0.40*** | 3.86 | 0.05 ± 0.02 |
| Parasite load (loge FEC) | 5.69 | 1.75 | 1730/1685 | 0.30 ± 0.07*** | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 2.12 ± 0.09*** | 9.63 | 0.12 ± 0.03 |
| Females | |||||||||
| Horn length (mm) | 116.90 | 41.22 | 661/428 | 269.40 ± 114.30* | 307.30 ± 114.30** | 5.56 ± 25.82 | 95.13 ± 7.95*** | 14.04 | 0.40 ± 0.15 |
| Body weight (kg) | 18.97 | 5.20 | 2882/1335 | 1.52 ± 0.36** | 1.98 ± 0.32*** | 0.20 ± 0.16 | 1.92 ± 0.07*** | 6.50 | 0.27 ± 0.06 |
| Parasite load (loge FEC) | 4.39 | 2.64 | 3131/1335 | 0.26 ± 0.07*** | 0.08 ± 0.12 | 0.03 ± 0.04 | 4.99 ± 0.14*** | 11.62 | 0.05 ± 0.02 |
Estimates were obtained from multivariate animal models (see methods, model 2). Significance of the estimates was assessed using log-likelihood-ratio tests: *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001. N, number of observations/individuals; VA, additive genetic variance; VPE, permanent environment effects; VM, maternal variance; VR, residual (environmental) variance; CVA, coefficient of additive genetic variance; h2, heritability.