Skip to main content
NCBI home page
Journal of Clinical Microbiology logoLink to Journal of Clinical Microbiology
. 1989 Nov;27(11):2482–2487. doi: 10.1128/jcm.27.11.2482-2487.1989

Investigation by improved syringe method of effect of tampons on production in vitro of toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 by Staphylococcus aureus.

A C Wong 1, S A Downs 1
PMCID: PMC267062  PMID: 2808672

Abstract

Twenty-seven types of commercial tampons from five manufacturers were tested in a sealed-syringe method to determine their effect on the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and the production of toxic shock syndrome toxin 1. In this improvement of the syringe method, the available air is limited to that which is contained within the sealed syringe containing the tampon. The culture medium was buffered, and blood and CO2 were included in the incubation to better simulate the vaginal environment during menstruation. Variables of tampon weight, composition, air volume, and absorbency were examined for their effect on the production of toxic shock syndrome toxin 1. Generally, with the exception of brand E, toxin production in the presence of tampons was equal to or lower than that in a sealed control syringe containing air but no tampon.

Full text

PDF
2482

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. BUSSING H. J. Zur Biochemie des Menstrualblutes. Zentralbl Gynakol. 1957 Mar 23;79(12):456–467. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Bergdoll M. S., Crass B. A., Reiser R. F., Robbins R. N., Davis J. P. A new staphylococcal enterotoxin, enterotoxin F, associated with toxic-shock-syndrome Staphylococcus aureus isolates. Lancet. 1981 May 9;1(8228):1017–1021. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(81)92186-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Freed R. C., Evenson M. L., Reiser R. F., Bergdoll M. S. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of staphylococcal enterotoxins in foods. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1982 Dec;44(6):1349–1355. doi: 10.1128/aem.44.6.1349-1355.1982. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Kass E. H., Kendrick M. I., Tsai Y. C., Parsonnet J. Interaction of magnesium ion, oxygen tension, and temperature in the production of toxic-shock-syndrome toxin-1 by Staphylococcus aureus. J Infect Dis. 1987 Apr;155(4):812–815. doi: 10.1093/infdis/155.4.812. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Lee A. C., Crass B. A., Bergdoll M. S. Investigation by syringe method of effect of tampons on production in vitro of toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 by Staphylococcus aureus. J Clin Microbiol. 1987 Jan;25(1):87–90. doi: 10.1128/jcm.25.1.87-90.1987. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Osterholm M. T., Davis J. P., Gibson R. W., Mandel J. S., Wintermeyer L. A., Helms C. M., Forfang J. C., Rondeau J., Vergeront J. M. Tri-state toxic-state syndrome study. I. Epidemiologic findings. J Infect Dis. 1982 Apr;145(4):431–440. doi: 10.1093/infdis/145.4.431. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Reiser R. F., Denzin L. K., Bergdoll M. S. Effects of blood and different media on the production of toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 by Staphylococcus aureus in the tampon sac method. J Clin Microbiol. 1988 Dec;26(12):2672–2674. doi: 10.1128/jcm.26.12.2672-2674.1988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Reiser R. F., Hinzman S. J., Bergdoll M. S. Production of toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 by Staphylococcus aureus restricted to endogenous air in tampons. J Clin Microbiol. 1987 Aug;25(8):1450–1452. doi: 10.1128/jcm.25.8.1450-1452.1987. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Robbins R. N., Reiser R. F., Hehl G. L., Bergdoll M. S. Production of toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 by Staphylococcus aureus as determined by tampon disk-membrane-agar method. J Clin Microbiol. 1987 Aug;25(8):1446–1449. doi: 10.1128/jcm.25.8.1446-1449.1987. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Schlech W. F., 3rd, Shands K. N., Reingold A. L., Dan B. B., Schmid G. P., Hargrett N. T., Hightower A., Herwaldt L. A., Neill M. A., Band J. D. Risk factors for development of toxic shock syndrome. Association with a tampon brand. JAMA. 1982 Aug 20;248(7):835–839. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Schlievert P. M., Blomster D. A., Kelly J. A. Toxic shock syndrome Staphylococcus aureus: effect of tampons on toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 production. Obstet Gynecol. 1984 Nov;64(5):666–671. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Schlievert P. M., Blomster D. A. Production of staphylococcal pyrogenic exotoxin type C: influence of physical and chemical factors. J Infect Dis. 1983 Feb;147(2):236–242. doi: 10.1093/infdis/147.2.236. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Schlievert P. M., Shands K. N., Dan B. B., Schmid G. P., Nishimura R. D. Identification and characterization of an exotoxin from Staphylococcus aureus associated with toxic-shock syndrome. J Infect Dis. 1981 Apr;143(4):509–516. doi: 10.1093/infdis/143.4.509. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Shands K. N., Schmid G. P., Dan B. B., Blum D., Guidotti R. J., Hargrett N. T., Anderson R. L., Hill D. L., Broome C. V., Band J. D. Toxic-shock syndrome in menstruating women: association with tampon use and Staphylococcus aureus and clinical features in 52 cases. N Engl J Med. 1980 Dec 18;303(25):1436–1442. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198012183032502. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Tierno P. M., Jr, Hanna B. A. In vitro amplification of toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 by intravaginal devices. Contraception. 1985 Feb;31(2):185–194. doi: 10.1016/0010-7824(85)90033-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Todd J. K., Todd B. H., Franco-Buff A., Smith C. M., Lawellin D. W. Influence of focal growth conditions on the pathogenesis of toxic shock syndrome. J Infect Dis. 1987 Apr;155(4):673–681. doi: 10.1093/infdis/155.4.673. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Todd J. K. Toxic shock syndrome. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1988 Oct;1(4):432–446. doi: 10.1128/cmr.1.4.432. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Todd J., Fishaut M., Kapral F., Welch T. Toxic-shock syndrome associated with phage-group-I Staphylococci. Lancet. 1978 Nov 25;2(8100):1116–1118. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(78)92274-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Wagner G., Bohr L., Wagner P., Petersen L. N. Tampon-induced changes in vaginal oxygen and carbon dioxide tensions. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1984 Jan 15;148(2):147–150. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9378(84)80165-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Wagner G., Ottesen B. Vaginal physiology during menstruation. Ann Intern Med. 1982 Jun;96(6 Pt 2):921–923. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-96-6-921. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Journal of Clinical Microbiology are provided here courtesy of American Society for Microbiology (ASM)

RESOURCES