Table 2.
Baseline values and total fluids (oral plus intravenous) given until birth
| Control group elective caesarean (n = 26) n(%) | Total fluids given until birth | Chi-square P value | Fischer P value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fluid group 1 <1000 ml (n = 113) n(%) | Fluid group 2 1000–2500 ml (n = 87) n(%) | Fluid group 3 >2500 ml (n = 61) n(%) | ||||
| Initial groups* | ||||||
| Vaginal <4 hours | — | 88 (78) | 20 (23) | 1 (2) | ||
| Vaginal >4 hours, no epidural | — | 13 (12) | 34 (39) | 6 (10) | ||
| Vaginal >4 hours with epidural | — | 0 (0) | 30 (34) | 40 (66) | ||
| Emergency caesarean section | — | 12 (11) | 3 (3) | 14 (23) | ||
| Elective caesarean section | 26 (100) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | ||
| Parity | ||||||
| Nullipara | 12 (46) | 23 (20) | 44 (51) | 46 (75) | ||
| Multipara | 14 (54) | 90 (80) | 43 (49) | 15 (25) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Complications | ||||||
| Gestational diabetes | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 3 (3) | 0 (0) | ||
| Pre-eclampsia | 0 (0) | 3 (3) | 0 (0) | 5 (8) | ||
| Hypertension | 0 (0) | 5 (4) | 1 (1) | 1 (2) | ||
| Onset of labour | ||||||
| None | 26 (100) | 5 (4) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | ||
| Induction | — | 8 (7) | 7 (8) | 8 (13) | ||
| Spontaneous | — | 100 (88) | 80 (92) | 53 (87) | 0.455** | |
| Delivery | ||||||
| Vaginal, spontaneous | — | 98 (87) | 71 (82) | 37 (61) | 0.001*** | 0.001 |
| Vaginal, instrumental*** | — | 3 (3) | 13 (15) | 10 (16) | ||
| Caesarean section | 26 (100) | 12 (11) | 3 (3) | 14 (23) | ||
| Indication for caesarean section | ||||||
| Breech | 17 (65) | 6 (5) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | ||
| Previous uterine operation | 7 (27) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | ||
| Fetal asphyxia | — | 1 (1) | 1 (1) | 1 (2) | ||
| Failure to progress | — | 2 (2) | 2 (2) | 12 (20) | ||
| Others | 2 (8) | 3 (3) | 0 (0) | 1 (2) | ||
| Analgesia | ||||||
| Epidural**** | — | 1 (1) | 36 (41) | 52 (85) | ||
| Spinal | — | 1 (1) | 3 (3) | 0 (0) | ||
| Oxytocin | ||||||
| Yes | — | 14 (12) | 57 (66) | 59 (97) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| ≥5 units | — | 1 (1) | 12 (14) | 27 (44) | 0.012***** | |
| Maternal p-Na | ||||||
| ≤130 mmol/l | 0 (0) | 1 (1) | 4 (5) | 16 (26) | <0.001 | 0.001 |
| Maternal p-glucose | ||||||
| >12 mmol/l | 0 (0) | 2 (2) | 2 (2) | 7 (11) | 0.013 | 0.009 |
| Infant | ||||||
| Apgar <7 at 1 minute | 0 (0) | 4 (4) | 5 (6) | 5 (8) | 0.219 | |
| Apgar <7 at 5 minutes | 0 (0) | 1 (1) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | ||
| Weight loss >10% | 1 (4) | 2 (2) | 3 (3) | 5 (8) | 0.050 | |
| Hypoglycaemia | 2 (8) | 4 (4) | 3 (3) | 2 (3) | 1.00 | |
| Respiratory problem | 1 (4) | 5 (4) | 7 (8) | 8 (13) | 0.065 | |
Group differences are compared with chi-square test. When significant differences are found or when cases are few, Fischer's exact test is performed to analyse differences between fluid groups 1 and 3.
*
Vaginal <4 hours or <4 hours: Vaginal delivery, labour of shorter or longer duration than 4 hours. Epidural: epidural or spinal analgesia.
**
Induction versus spontaneous onset of labour.
***
Vaginal spontaneous delivery versus instrumental vaginal delivery plus delivery by emergency caesarean section.
****
One woman received combined spinal-epidural analgesia during labour.
*****
Calculation only includes women who received oxytocin for augmentation of labour.