Oleate lipase activity in Gardnerella vaginalis and reconsideration of existing biotype schemes

Abstract

Background

Gardnerella vaginalis is a facultative gram positive organism that requires subculture every 1–2 days to maintain viability. It has been linked with bacterial vaginosis (BV), a syndrome that has been associated with increased risk for preterm delivery, pelvic inflammatory disease and HIV acquisition. About 10% of the G. vaginalis isolates have been reported to produce sialidase, but there have not been any studies relating sialidase production and biotype. Sialidase activity is dramatically increased in the vaginal fluid of women with BV and bacterial sialidases have been shown to increase the infectivity of HIV in vitro. There are 8 different biotypes of G. vaginalis. Biotypes 1–4 produce lipase and were reported to be associated with BV and the association of these biotypes with BV is under dispute. Other studies have demonstrated that G. vaginalis biotype 1 can stimulate HIV-1 production. Because of the discrepancies in the literature we compared the methods used to biotype G. vaginalis and investigated the relationship of biotype and sialidase production.

Results

A new medium for maintenance of Gardnerella vaginalis which allows survival for longer than one week is described. Some isolates only grew well under anaerobic conditions. Sialidase producing isolates were observed in 5 of the 6 biotypes tested. Using 4-methylumbelliferyl-oleate to determine lipase activity, instead of egg yolk agar, resulted in erroneous biotypes and does not provide reliable results.

Conclusion

Previous studies associating G. vaginalis biotype with bacterial vaginosis were methodologically flawed, suggesting there is not an association of G. vaginalis biotypes and bacterial vaginosis. Sialidase activity was observed in 5 of the 8 biotypes.

Background

Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is one of the most common reasons for women to seek medical attention; the underlying cause of BV is controversial. Women with BV are at higher risk for preterm delivery, pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and acquisition of HIV [1-5]. Several reports have demonstrated that women with BV have elevated levels of sialidase activity [6-9], although the source has not been demonstrated. Studies have demonstrated that treatment of HIV-1 or lymphocytes with bacterial sialidase increases the infectivity of the virus [10,11]. A number of different bacteria have been associated with BV, including Gardnerella vaginalis [12-14]. G. vaginalis can be isolated from women without any symptoms and recovered from sites which are usually sterile [15,16]. Studies have also shown G. vaginalis biotype 1 fractions are capable of stimulating HIV-1 production [17]. G. vaginalis is a fastidious organism requiring subculture to fresh media every two days. Isolates identified as G. vaginalis may be further characterized by β-galactosidase and lipase activity and hippurate hydrolysis resulting in 8 biotypes [18]. According to one study biotypes 1–4 produce lipase and in a longitudinal study were significantly associated with BV. After successful treatment, the predominant G. vaginalis biotypes shifted to non-lipase producing types 5–8 [6]. Other studies did not find a relationship between BV and biotype or genotype [15]. Piot et al. [18] defined biotypes using egg yolk agar (EY) to test for lipase while Briseldon and Hillier [6] used 4-methylumbelliferyl-oleate (MUO). Since the use of MUO had not been validated, we compared the results of lipase detection using egg yolk to those obtained with MUO. Because G. vaginalis sialidase could play an important role in both BV and HIV infection we also tested our strains for sialidase activity.

Methods

Gardnerella vaginalis agar (GVA)

Most of our work is performed with strains with a low number of passages; we therefore devised a medium for G. vaginalis that facilitated our work by not requiring frequent subculture to fresh medium. GVA was prepared by dissolving: Brain Heart Infusion 37 g, Bacto-Tryptone 5 g, yeast extract 1 g, soluble starch 1 g, KH₂PO₄ 6.8 g, and L-cysteine HCl 0.3 g in 1 liter of distilled water. The pH was then adjusted to 7.2 with sodium hydroxide and Bacto-agar added to a final concentration 1.5% and the medium sterilized by autoclaving. The medium was cooled and dispensed to 100 mm plastic Petri plates, then air dried for 30 min and stored at 4°C. To analyze the survival on GVA the G. vaginalis isolates were cultured from blood agar plates (BAP) onto GVA plates on the first day. Subcultures were made from the first day GVA plates onto a fresh BAP and GVA daily for one week or until the subcultures failed to grow.

Bacteria

The reference strain of G. vaginalis, ATCC 14018, was obtained from the American Type Culture Collection. Human vaginal isolates of G. vaginalis were kindly provided by Lorna Rabe, (Magee Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh PA). Initial identifications were based on colony morphology, Gram stain, lack of catalase activity and hemolysis on human bilayer tween medium (HBT) but not sheep blood agar. Isolates were stored frozen at -80°C until needed, then revived and maintained on Columbia blood agar containing 5% sheep's blood PML Microbiologicals (PML Microbiologicals, Wilsonville, OR.).

Biotyping

β-galactosidase, lipase activity and hippurate hydrolysis were performed as described previously [18]. Egg yolk agar plates for lipase reactions were obtained from PML Microbiologicals (PML Microbiologicals, Wilsonville, OR.) were inoculated and examined daily for 7 days. The presence of an oily sheen on and surrounding the bacterial growth was interpreted as a positive result for lipase activity. Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were used as positive controls, Lactobacillus crispatus was used as a negative control.

Lipase activity using 4-methylumbelliferyl-oleate

Lipase activity was also determined as described by Briselden and Hillier [6], using 4-methylumbelliferyl-oleate (Fluka 75164, from the Sigma Aldrich Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO.) using a spot test as previously described [6,19]. Briefly, MUO was dissolved in absolute ethanol to a concentration of 4 mg/ml and used to soak a 60 by 6 mm (approximate) Whatman #2 filter paper strip (Whatman, Inc., Clifton, N.J.). After air drying, strips were moistened with buffer, phosphate buffered saline or ACES both pH 7.0 containing 22 mM N-octyl-β-D-glucopyranoside, and 12 mM CaCl₂. Alternatively, the MUO was suspended in water and mixed with equal parts of 2 fold concentrated buffer as described above. The strips were inoculated with a loopful of bacteria, incubated at 35°C, and read under a long-wavelength (365 nm), hand-held mineral lamp as described previously [19].

Sialidase activity using 2'(4-methylumbelliferyl) – α-D-N-acetylneuraminic acid

Sialidase activity was determined as described previously by Moncla et al. [19] using 4-methylumbelliferyl- α-D-N-acetylneuraminic acid as substrate (Sigma M8639, from the Sigma Aldrich Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO.). Stock solutions of the substrate were prepared by dissolving 1 mg in 6.6 ml distilled water, dispensing into 180 μl volumes and storing at -20°C. The stock solutions were thawed and 20 μl 1.0 M sodium acetate buffer, pH 4.8 added and mixed in. The resulting solutions were used in a filter paper strip assay as described above for the 4-methylumbelliferyl-oleate lipase assay.

Results

All strains survived for 7 days on GVA (Table 1) and by week three about one third of the strains were viable. We did not find any isolates representing biotypes 6 and 8. Several isolates grew little if at all on the GVA or blood agar aerobically; however, good growth was observed for all isolates when cultured anaerobically. On EY (see below), 7 of the isolates failed to grow in air plus 6% CO₂ but did grow well anaerobically (Table 1). Strains grown on GVA gave identical biochemical reactions for β-galactosidase, sialidase and hippurate hydrolysis as when grown on BAP.

Table 1.

Characteristics of Gardnerella vaginalis isolates on GVA: Biotypes, strain designations, growth and enzymatic activities

Isolate designation (Biotype)A		48 hr growth GVA plates	Viability at 7 days On GVA platesB	Aerobic Growth on EY	Lipase Egg yolkC	Lipase with 4-MUO	Sialidase
0284	(1)	+	+	+	+	-	+
0287	(1)	+	+	+	+	-	+
0828E	(1)	+	+	+	+	-	-
0377	(1)	+	+	+	+	-	-
ATCC 14018	(1)	+	+	+	+	-	-
C31g 7571–2	(1)	+	+	+	+	-	-
ITP	(1)	+	+	+	+	-	-
PID 0286E	(1)	+	+	+	+	+	+
UPS 1388E	(1)	+	+	-	+	+	-
UPS1492	(1)	+	+	+	+	-	+
551	(2)	+	+	+	+	-	-
UPS1476	(2)	+	+	+	+	+	-
HPTN
208000837	(2)	+	+	+	+	-	+
UC781 64/20- LITTLE	(2)	+	+	+	+	+	+
UC781 64/20- BIG	(2)	+	+	+	+	+	+
UP548	(2)	+	+	-	+	-	+
UPS 754	(2)	+	+	+	+	-	-
055/15	(3)	+	+	+	+	+	-
UP537 E	(3)	+	+	+	+	-	-
RING52576	(4)	+	+	+	+	+	-
HPTN 213000700	(4)	+	+	+	+	-	+
UPS 1400E	(4)	-/scantD	+	+	+	-	-
UPS 1398Ea	(5)	+	+	-	-	-	+
UPS 1483E	(5)	-	+	-	-	+	-
UPS 1500E	(5)	+	+	-	-	-	-
061/19 V5	(7)	+	+	+	-	+	+
HPTN008 000750	(7)	-	+	-	-	+	-
Up 582	(7)	+	+	+	-	+	-
UPS 1401 E	(7)	+	+	+	-	+	+
UPS 2050E	(7)	+	+	+	-	-	-
UPS1475	(7)	+	+	-	-	+	-

^AThe biotype of each isolate is given in parentheses.

^BTo accommodate those isolates demonstrating better growth anaerobically all strains were incubated in anaerobe jars. Aerobic organisms survived equally well under either incubation condition. Cultures were considered viable after 7 days if they were successfully subcultured to fresh GVA and blood agar plates.

^CAll strains were tested for lipase production on egg yolk agar under aerobic and anaerobic conditions; strains demonstrating growth aerobically yield identical lipase reaction when grown anaerobically. When strains did not grow aerobically on egg yolk plates the reactions indicated are taken from anaerobic incubation. Lipase reactions using 4-methylumbelliferone-oleate are given in parentheses.

^DSome organisms demonstrated poor growth when incubated in air plus 6% CO₂, these organisms all had excellent growth on GVA plates after anaerobic incubation.

Lipase activity was detected in 21 of 31 strains tested (68%) using egg yolk agar but using the MUO spot test only 12 of 31 strains tested positive (39%) (Table 1). To assess the performance of the MUO based lipase test, the egg yolk reactions were used as the true values in the statistical comparison as described previously by Moncla et al. [20]. The values obtained for the MUO test were: sensitivity (32%), specificity (33%), positive predictive value (54%) and negative predictive value (17%). The alternate method for lipase detection (see above, mixing equal volumes of buffer and liquid substrate) demonstrated a lack of reproducibility and the results from these assays are not presented.

Sialidase was detected in one or more strains of biotypes 1, 2, 4, 5 and 7 but not in strains from biotype 3, (Table 1). Biotypes 6 and 8 were not found among the strains examined. Most of the strains studied were biotype 1 (32.2%), followed by biotypes 2, 7, 4, 5, and 3 (22.5%, 19.5%, 9.6%, 9.6%, 6.5% respectively). Overall, the 39% of the strains tested demonstrated sialidase activity.

Discussion

GVA provides an inexpensive alternative to the long term cultivation of G. vaginalis, compared to blood agar or HBT on which the organism requires passage every day or two. Some isolates survived for up to three weeks on the GVA. HBT is an important medium commonly used to test the hemolysis characteristics and to maintain the organism; however, it is too expensive for long term passage of the organism.

Sialidase activity is an important feature in bacterial vaginosis. Accordingly, we concurrently tested our strains for the enzyme. Previous reports had noted the enzyme in 10% of the isolates [21]. We observed higher rates among our isolates 39% (table 1). About one third of our isolates were biotype 1, of which 40% of the isolates were positive. The presence of sialidase was detected in strains from all biotypes tested except biotype 3; however, we only had three isolates identified as biotype 3. We did not identify any isolates as biotypes 6 or 8.

The sialidase activity associated with BV is most likely from bacterial sources, although the specific organisms have not been identified. We report a higher incidence of the enzyme than reported by others [21] the significance is difficult to access since we only examined 31 strains. Because they are found in low frequency we did not test biotype 6 or 8. Other bacteria associated with BV have a much greater percentage of isolates that produce sialidase for example; all isolates of Prevotella bivia produced the enzyme [19]. While P. bivia isolates all produce sialidase, only about 3% of the activity is released into the medium; however, we do observe surprisingly large amounts of sialidase in the culture supernatants of sialidase producing strains of G vaginalis (Moncla unpublished observations).

Because of the relationship between G. vaginalis biotype and the stimulation of HIV replication [12,17]; we attempted to biotype our strains using the MUO method of Briselden and Hillier. G. vaginalis ATCC 14018 is biotype 1; however because of a negative lipase reaction we consistently identified it as biotype 6. As the MUO method of Briselden and Hillier had not been validated we compared the results of lipase detection using egg yolk agar to those obtained with MUO. The choice of lipase substrate had a dramatic effect on the biotype. For example, using EY lipase results there are 10 strains listed in Table 1 as biotype 1; however, using MUO as the substrate, only 2 of the 10 isolates demonstrated lipase activity. The 8 strains that were negative using MUO would have been incorrectly identified as biotype 6. Overall 20 of the tested isolates would have yielded a different biotype depending on the method used for testing lipase activity. The MUO method had poor sensitivity and specificity when calculated as described previously [20]. Using the EY data for biotyping as presented in Table 1, we observed a distribution of biotypes that is roughly similar to that reported by Piot et al.

Lipases are specialized esterases; therefore, which synthetic substrates, if any, are appropriate is controversial. Studies suggest synthetic substrates such as MUO detect non-specific esterase activity [22-27]. Our data would support this concept. When other 4-methylumbelliferyl fatty acids were used, we observed all strains give a positive test results with MU-heptonate but none with 4-methylumbelliferyl palmitic acid, indicating the assays are measuring esterase activity [28,29]. These data would tend to negate the observations of others regarding the correlation of G. vaginalis biotype with BV. Briselden and Hillier's observation of a reduction of lipase producing biotype 1–4 after successful treatment could be reinterpreted as an association of non-specific esterase activity in G. vaginalis with BV [6]. Our results demonstrate the importance of lipase activity in the typing of G. vaginalis and that lipase activity should be tested using EY plates or other lipase assay methods such as titration. Further, our work suggests the reports of biotypes using the MUO or other 4-methyumbelliferone substrates in lipase spot tests are not accurate. Other differences exist in the methodologies reported, Piot et al. and Briselden and Hillier grew cultures anaerobically while the other groups mentioned grew organisms aerobically with enriched CO₂. Lipase reactions on EY often take up to 7 or more days, and all these groups used only 3 days or less for reactions. Our observations suggest all isolates should be cultured anaerobically, and EY plates should be incubated for 7 days before they can be interpreted as lipase negative.

In summary a medium was described that allows survival of G. vaginalis isolates for at least one week and longer in some cases. Sialidase activity was observed in 40% of the strains tested but was not restricted to any particular biotypes. The synthetic lipase substrate 4-methylumbelliferyl-oleate did not reliably detect lipase activity compared to egg yolk plates.

Conclusion

Our data suggests the relationship of BV and G. vaginalis biotype should be reexamined, since our study demonstrates that 4-methylumbelliferyl-oleate and other 4-methylumbelliferyl- derivatives should not be used for the detection of lipase activity as a tool for bacterial identifications. The Gardnerella vaginalis agar allows extended viability of the cultures, therefore the time and costs of frequent subculture is greatly reduced. We cannot rule out an association of G. vaginalis, sialidase, BV and increases in HIV acquisition rates among women with BV.

Abbreviations

BV: bacterial vaginosis; EY: egg yolk agar; GVA: Gardnerella vaginalis agar; HBT: bilayer tween medium; MU: 4-methylumbelliferyl; MUO: 4-methylumbelliferyl-oleate; PID: pelvic inflammatory disease.

Authors' contributions

BJM conceived the study, directed the experimental designs and carried out assays. He prepared the draft of manuscript and final versions of the manuscript. KMP contributed to the study conception and the experimental designs. She performed assays and microbiological aspects of study. KMP help to prepare and edit the manuscript. Both authors have read and approved the manuscript.

Acknowledgements

This work was support by grant 5U19 A1051 661-05 and 5 U01 AI068633-03 from the National Institutes of Health.