Table 1.

Mean constant errors and standard errors in Experiments 1a and 2^a

	Verbal Responses
	0 – 360 Deg (Exp. 1a)		0 – 90 Deg (Exp. 1a)		Clock (Exp. 1a)
Targ Aza	Left	Right	Left	Right	Left	Right
20	−1 (2.5)	1 (1.2)	−4 (1.2)	−1 (1.8)	4 (0.9)	8 (1.3)
40	2 (3.5)	−1 (1.1)	0 (1.1)	−2 (1.4)	4 (2.0)	9 (1.6)
60	3 (2.0)	3 (1.2)	−5 (1.7)	1 (1.6)	0 (0.7)	4 (1.3)
80	2 (1.1)	2 (0.6)	−4 (1.5)	0 (0.9)	−2 (1.0)	1 (0.8)
100	−2 (0.6)	0 (1.0)	0 (1.0)	1 (0.8)	−1 (0.7)	0 (1.0)
110	−3 (1.1)	−1 (2.2)	−3 (1.9)	−1 (1.1)	3 (1.2)	1 (0.7)
120	2 (3.6)	−2 (1.8)	0 (1.3)	−2 (1.7)	2 (1.5)	2 (1.2)
130	−4 (2.6)	−2 (3.3)	0 (0.9)	−1 (1.1)	−1 (1.9)	2 (1.3)
140	4 (3.1)	0 (2.7)	−2 (0.7)	0 (0.9)	−3 (1.2)	4 (1.7)
150	5 (2.4)	4 (4.0)	−2 (2.0)	3 (2.5)	−2 (1.1)	1 (0.8)
160	4 (1.7)	4 (1.4)	−2 (2.0)	3 (1.8)	−4 (1.4)	1 (0.9)
170	1 (0.9)	−8 (8.4)	−2 (1.1)	1 (1.1)	−1 (1.1)	2 (0.6)
	Pointing Responses
	Eyes Closed (Exp. 1a)		Eyes Open (Exp. 2)
Targ Aza	Left	Right	Left	Right
20	6 (1.4)	1 (1.1)	8 (0.9)	3 (0.7)
40	3 (2.0)	−3 (1.3)	9 (1.2)	4 (0.9)
60	1 (2.1)	−12 (1.7)	5 (1.0)	3 (1.2)
80	−7 (2.5)	−18 (1.7)	4 (1.3)	−1 (0.9)
100	−11 (1.8)	−23 (2.2)	−1 (1.3)	−4 (1.2)
110	−14 (2.3)	−26 (2.3)	−5 (1.9)	−7 (1.2)
120	−19 (1.9)	−29 (2.2)	−7 (1.5)	−9 (1.2)
130	−23 (2.2)	−34 (2.5)	−7 (1.6)	−12 (1.0)
140	−26 (2.8)	−35 (2.5)	−12 (2.0)	−13 (1.5)
150	−27 (2.7)	−36 (3.7)	−10 (2.2)	−18 (1.9)
160	−28 (3.2)	−33 (3.5)	−14 (2.6)	−19 (2.1)
170	−23 (2.4)	−23 (4.1)	−13 (2.5)	−15 (2.1)

^aBold-face numbers show the mean constant error (bias) in degrees; negative numbers denote biases toward zero deg (straight ahead). Italicized numbers show the between-subject standard errors in degrees. (0–360: N = 11; 0–90: N = 10; Clock: N = 21; Eyes Closed Pointing: N = 21; Eyes Open Pointing: N = 16)

^bTarget Azimuth (deg)