Abstract
Immunological tolerance is a state of unresponsiveness to foreign substances (antigens) which can develop in human and animal species as the result of continued exposure to antigens early in life. We utilized this principle for the preparation of antibodies against Clostridium botulinum type A toxin. By selective suppression of the immunological response of rabbits to unwanted antigens and subsequent immunization with a toxoid, we were able to produce a specific type A antitoxin without the need to purify the toxin. Despite cross-reactivity with C. botulinum type B, our type A antitoxin was otherwise specific since it did not react with culture filtrates of nontoxigenic variants of type B, any other C. botulinum type (C, D, E, F, and G), nor with 18 other Clostridium species, including Clostridium sporogenes. Using this antitoxin, we developed a sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of C. botulinum type A toxin.
Full text
PDF



Selected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- Boroff D. A., Chu-Chen G. Radioimmunoassay for type A toxin of Clostridium botulinum. Appl Microbiol. 1973 Apr;25(4):545–549. doi: 10.1128/am.25.4.545-549.1973. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Dezfulian M., Dowell V. R., Jr Cultural and physiological characteristics and antimicrobial susceptibility of Clostridium botulinum isolates from foodborne and infant botulism cases. J Clin Microbiol. 1980 Jun;11(6):604–609. doi: 10.1128/jcm.11.6.604-609.1980. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- GARB S., STEIN A. A., SIMS G. The production of anti-human leukemic serum in rabbits. J Immunol. 1962 Feb;88:142–152. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- GOLD P., FREEDMAN S. O. DEMONSTRATION OF TUMOR-SPECIFIC ANTIGENS IN HUMAN COLONIC CARCINOMATA BY IMMUNOLOGICAL TOLERANCE AND ABSORPTION TECHNIQUES. J Exp Med. 1965 Mar 1;121:439–462. doi: 10.1084/jem.121.3.439. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hatheway C. L. Laboratory procedures for cases of suspected infant botulism. Rev Infect Dis. 1979 Jul-Aug;1(4):647–651. doi: 10.1093/clinids/1.4.647. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Horwitz M. A., Hatheway C. L., Dowell V. R. Laboratory diagnosis of botulism complicated by pyridostigmine treatment of the patient. A method for selectively removing interfering substances from clinical specimens. Am J Clin Pathol. 1976 Oct;66(4):737–742. doi: 10.1093/ajcp/66.4.737. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kozaki S., Dufrenne J., Hagenaars A. M., Notermans S. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detection of Clostridium botulinum type B toxin. Jpn J Med Sci Biol. 1979 Aug;32(4):199–205. doi: 10.7883/yoken1952.32.199. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- LOWENTHAL J. P., LAMANNA C. Characterization of botulinal hemagglutination. Am J Hyg. 1953 Jan;57(1):46–59. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a119562. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lee W. H., Riemann H. Correlation of toxic and non-toxic strains of Clostridium botulinum by DNA composition and homology. J Gen Microbiol. 1970 Jan;60(1):117–123. doi: 10.1099/00221287-60-1-117. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lewis G. E., Jr, Kulinski S. S., Reichard D. W., Metzger J. F. Detection of Clostridium botulinum type G toxin by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1981 Dec;42(6):1018–1022. doi: 10.1128/aem.42.6.1018-1022.1981. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Notermans S., Dufrenne J., Kozaki S. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Clostridium botulinum type E toxin. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1979 Jun;37(6):1173–1175. doi: 10.1128/aem.37.6.1173-1175.1979. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Notermans S., Dufrenne J., Kozaki S. The relation between toxicity and toxin-related-antigen contents of Clostridium botulinum types C and D cultures as determined by mouse bioassay and ELISA. Jpn J Med Sci Biol. 1982 Oct-Dec;35(5-6):203–211. doi: 10.7883/yoken1952.35.203. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Notermans S., Dufrenne J., Schothorst M. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Clostridium botulinum toxin type A. Jpn J Med Sci Biol. 1978 Feb;31(1):81–85. doi: 10.7883/yoken1952.31.81. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Notermans S., Hagenaars A. M., Kozaki S. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection and determination of Clostridium botulinum toxins A, B, and E. Methods Enzymol. 1982;84:223–238. doi: 10.1016/0076-6879(82)84020-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Sakaguchi G., Sakaguchi S., Kozaki S., Sugii S., Oishi I. Cross reaction in reversed passive hemagglutination between Clostridium botulinum type A and B toxins and its avoidance by the sue of anti-toxic component immunoglobulin isolated by affinity chromatography. Jpn J Med Sci Biol. 1974 Jun;27(3):161–172. doi: 10.7883/yoken1952.27.161. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Sugiyama H. Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin. Microbiol Rev. 1980 Sep;44(3):419–448. doi: 10.1128/mr.44.3.419-448.1980. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]