Table 2.
Baseline Evaluation of Sleep, Psychological and Health Variables for Good Sleepers and Insomnia Symptoms and Syndrome Incident Cases
| Baseline Evaluation | Good Sleepers (n = 275) | Incident Cases |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Insomnia Symptoms (n = 130) | Insomnia Syndrome (n = 32) | |||||
| Sleep Variables | % (n) | % (n) | % (n) | χ2 | P | P1 |
| Previous episode of insomnia (yes) | 12.36a (34) | 20.77a (27) | 53.13b (17) | 33.56 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Familial history of insomnia (yes) | 27.64a (76) | 33.85a (44) | 59.38b (19) | 13.67 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| M (SE) | M (SE) | M (SE) | F | P | ||
| Insomnia Severity Index | 3.04a (2.67) | 4.37b (3.26) | 5.72c (4.31) | 17.14 | 0.00 | |
| Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index | 3.20a (1.77) | 3.92b (1.75) | 4.50b (1.97) | 12.57 | 0.00 | |
| Psychological Variables2 | M (SE) | M (SE) | M (SE) | F | P | rp |
| Beck Depression Inventory II | 5.31a (0.32) | 5.73a (0.46) | 8.45b (0.94) | 4.97 | 0.01 | 0.15 |
| State-Trait-Anxiety Inventory –Trait | 36.60a (0.46) | 37.25a (0.67) | 40.40b (1.36) | 3.48 | 0.03 | 0.13 |
| Arousal Predisposition Scale | 29.23a (0.38) | 30.13a (0.55) | 32.88b (1.12) | 4.91 | 0.01 | 0.15 |
| Perceived Stress Scale | 21.13 (0.37) | 21.62 (0.54) | 23.39 (1.09) | 1.92 | 0.15 | 0.10 |
| Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations | ||||||
| Task-Oriented Coping | 55.46 (0.59) | 56.10 (0.85) | 56.51 (1.73) | 0.29 | 0.75 | 0.03 |
| Emotion-Oriented Coping | 36.96 (0.61) | 37.97 (0.89) | 40.43 (1.80) | 1.78 | 0.17 | 0.09 |
| Avoidance-Oriented Coping | 45.23 (0.68) | 44.20 (0.98) | 44.16 (1.99) | 0.42 | 0.66 | −0.05 |
| NEO Five-Factor Inventory | ||||||
| Neuroticism | 15.05 (0.44) | 15.71 (0.63) | 17.77 (1.28) | 2.07 | 0.13 | 0.10 |
| Extraversion | 29.91a (0.38) | 28.70 (0.55)a,b | 27.41b (1.11) | 3.16 | 0.04 | −0.12 |
| Openness | 25.96 (0.36) | 27.11 (0.52) | 27.29 (1.05) | 1.98 | 0.14 | 0.10 |
| Agreeableness | 34.90 (0.31) | 34.22 (0.44) | 33.70 (0.90) | 1.27 | 0.28 | −0.08 |
| Conscientiousness | 37.10 (0.35) | 36.70 (0.50) | 36.37 (1.02) | 0.36 | 0.70 | −0.05 |
| Health Variables2 | ||||||
| SF-12v2 Health Survey | ||||||
| General Health | 76.11a (1.00) | 76.15a (1.45) | 66.87b (3.01) | 4.40 | 0.01 | −0.14 |
| Bodily Pain | 89.14a (1.13) | 88.36a (1.64) | 76.98b (3.30) | 5.94 | 0.00 | −0.16 |
| Mental Health | 74.19a (0.78) | 73.30a (1.13) | 66.61b (2.30) | 4.78 | 0.01 | −0.15 |
| Body Mass Index | 25.09 (0.31) | 25.85 (0.44) | 25.39 (0.90) | 0.99 | 0.37 | 0.07 |
| Alcohol Consumption (glasses/week) | 3.34 (0.29) | 3.24 (0.41) | 1.80 (0.84) | 1.49 | 0.23 | −0.08 |
| Cigarette Smoking3 | 2.46a,b (0.05) | 2.56a (0.75) | 2.15b (0.15) | 3.07 | 0.05 | −0.12 |
| Physical Activity Practice3 | 3.75 (0.12) | 3.38 (0.18) | 4.11 (0.36) | 2.36 | 0.10 | −0.11 |
1
P value for χ2 for trend.
2
Psychological and health variables were adjusted for baseline ISI and PSQI total scores (ANCOVAs).
3
Those ordinal variables are treated as continuous variables ranging from 1 (never) to 3 (every day) for cigarette smoking and from 1 (never) to 7 (every day) for physical activity practice. rp = Partial correlation. Note: Means with different subscripts (a, b, c) are significantly different.