Skip to main content
NCBI home page
Journal of Clinical Microbiology logoLink to Journal of Clinical Microbiology
. 2009 Jun 10;47(8):2596–2600. doi: 10.1128/JCM.00037-09

Inaccuracy of Single-Target Sequencing for Discriminating Species of the Mycobacterium abscessus Group▿

Edouard Macheras 1,3, Anne-Laure Roux 2,3, Fabienne Ripoll 3, Valérie Sivadon-Tardy 1,3, Cristina Gutierrez 4, Jean-Louis Gaillard 1,2,3, Beate Heym 1,3,*
PMCID: PMC2725694  PMID: 19515839

Abstract

We determined nucleotide sequences of rpoB, hsp65, and sodA in 59 clinical isolates (from 58 patients) of the Mycobacterium abscessus group. Identification to the species level, based on three target genes, was concordant for 44 isolates (25 M. abscessus, 13 Mycobacterium massiliense, and 6 Mycobacterium bolletii isolates) and discordant for 15 isolates which had “interspecific composite patterns.” Sequence analysis of five housekeeping genes also showed composite patterns in 8 of these 15 isolates.

Mycobacterium abscessus is a rapidly growing mycobacterium (RGM) causing a wide spectrum of disease in humans, including pulmonary disease, skin and soft tissue disease, and disseminated disease (8). It is a major pathogen in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) (15, 23, 25, 29), in which case it is responsible for severe lung disease and may cause disseminated infection following transplantation (10). M. abscessus has undergone many taxonomic changes since its first description by Moore and Frerichs in 1953, in which this organism was reported to be morphologically and biochemically different from the hitherto known RGM and was named Mycobacterium abscessus (M. abscessus strain ATCC 19977T) (22). In 1972, Stanford et al. reported another RGM differing from M. abscessus by only a few characters. The two RGMs were then classified as one species (Mycobacterium chelonei) with two subspecies—M. chelonei subsp. chelonei and M. chelonei subsp. abscessus (formerly M. abscessus) (19, 32). In 1984, the species name was changed from M. chelonei to Mycobacterium chelonae (16). This taxonomy remained valid until the beginning of the 1990s, after which DNA/DNA hybridization showed that M. chelonae subsp. abscessus and M. chelonae subsp. chelonae constituted two different species (M. abscessus and M. chelonae) (20). Further development of molecular identification methods in the late 1990s led to a new classification (34). Using different targets, mainly hsp65 and rpoB, it soon became obvious that isolates of M. abscessus were relatively heterogeneous (2, 26, 31). On the basis of rpoB sequence data, a new species, Mycobacterium massiliense, was identified within the M. abscessus group in 2004, followed by another new species, Mycobacterium bolletii, in 2006 (1, 5). Thus, M. abscessus (M. abscessus sensu lato) is now divided into three species, M. abscessus sensu stricto, M. massiliense, and M. bolletii.

We recently isolated an RGM strain which was identified as M. abscessus sensu stricto (for reasons of simplicity, M. abscessus sensu stricto will hereinafter be referred to as M. abscessus) on the basis of the rpoB sequence but as M. massiliense on the basis of the hsp65 sequence (strain AP3). This suggested the existence of isolates with “interspecific composite patterns” (e.g., isolates with an M. abscessus rpoB sequence and an M. massiliense hsp65 sequence) within the M. abscessus group, potentially leading to inaccuracy for diagnostic approaches based on single-target sequencing. We investigated this issue by determining the sequences of rpoB, hsp65, and another widely used molecular target, sodA (3, 18), in a large panel of M. abscessus sensu lato strains.

The studied panel included 59 clinical isolates of M. abscessus sensu lato obtained from 58 CF patients in France between 1997 and 2007. Strains were grown on sheep blood agar at 37°C for 4 days to obtain visible colonies. Smooth (S) and rough (R) phenotypes were determined as described previously (9). A loopful of colonies was used for DNA extraction by using Tris-EDTA, lysozyme, and proteinase K, in the presence of thiourea to avoid DNA degradation (37). The strains M. abscessus CIP 104536T (same as ATCC 19977T), M. massiliense CIP 108297T, and M. bolletii CIP 108541T were included for control purposes. In all strains, hsp65 (441 bp [26]), rpoB (723 bp [3]), and sodA (541 bp [3]) were amplified by PCR using AmpliTaq Gold polymerase (Applied Biosystems, Courtaboeuf, France). Dideoxy sequencing was carried out on both strands with the BigDye Terminator cycle sequencing kit (Applied Biosystems). Sequencing products were purified by gel filtration (Bio-Gel P-100; Bio-Rad, Marnes-la-Coquette, France) and were run on a 3700 DNA analyzer (Applied Biosystems).

Species identification based on rpoB, hsp65, and sodA sequencing was concordant for 44 isolates (25 M. abscessus [16 S and 9 R], 13 M. massiliense [8 S and 5 R], and 6 M. bolletii [4 S and 2 R] isolates) and discordant for 15 isolates (8 S and 7 R). In 8 of these 15 isolates (see Table 2), both rpoB and hsp65 were 100% identical to the M. abscessus type strain sequence, whereas sodA shared the highest identity with the M. bolletii (isolates 7, 48, 59, 70, AP2, AP6, and AP11) or M. massiliense type strain sequence (isolate 31). In three other isolates, rpoB was most similar to that of M. abscessus (isolates R3, AP3, and 63), whereas both hsp65 and sodA were 100% identical to those of M. massiliense. For isolates 6, 47, 19, and 38, comparisons of rpoB, hsp65, and sodA with the control sequences yielded contradictory data, resulting in the identification of M. massiliense (99.7 to 100% identity) or M. bolletii (99.8 to 100% identity), depending on the target gene.

TABLE 2.

Isolates with “composite” gene patterns identified in this study

Isolatea S/R morphotype MIC (mg/liter)b
Speciesc % Identityd
Presumptive identificatione
CLA MNO rpoB hsp65 sodA argH glpK murC gnd cya
7 (Nantes, 2004) R >32 >32 M. abscessus 100 100 97.9 98.4 100 99.4 99.4 97.9 M. abscessus
M. massiliense 96.6 98.3 98.1 95.2 98.1 98.2 97.7 99.8
M. bolletii 95.9 97.9 100 96.2 98.6 96.7 95.9 97.1
48 (Pessac, 2004) S 4 >32 M. abscessus 100 100 97.6 98.8 99.8 99.3 98.9 99.6 M. abscessus
M. massiliense 96.2 98.3 97.8 96.2 97.9 97.9 97.4 98.1
M. bolletii 95.4 97.9 99.2 97.0 98.4 96.3 95.6 97.7
59 (Paris, 2000) R 1 >32 M. abscessus 100 100 97.7 98.2 100 99.6 99.6 97.3 M. abscessus
70 (Vannes, 2002) S 2 32 M. massiliense 96.3 98.2 97.9 95.0 98.1 98.3 97.9 97.3
M. bolletii 95.5 97.9 99.8 96.0 98.6 96.9 96.4 99.2
AP2 (Paris, 2005) R ≤0.12 >32 M. abscessus 100 100 97.8 98.2 100 99.6 99.6 100 M. abscessus
AP6 (Paris, 2007) R ≤0.12 32 M. massiliense 96.5 98.5 98.0 95.0 98.1 98.3 97.9 98.1
AP11 (Paris, 2005) S 0.25 32 M. bolletii 95.9 98.2 99.8 96.0 98.6 96.9 96.2 98.1
31 (Montpellier, 2004) S 2 >32 M. abscessus 100 100 99.4 95.8 98.0 98.0 97.3 99.6 ?
M. massiliense 96.5 98.5 100 99.8 100 100 99.4 98.1
M. bolletii 95.7 98.2 98.1 97.4 98.9 96.7 96.7 97.7
R3 (Roscoff, 2002) R ≤0.12 >32 M. abscessus 100 98.5 99.5 95.6 98.0 99.6 97.6 98.1 M. massiliense
M. massiliense 96.6 100 100 99.8 100 98.3 100 100
M. bolletii 95.8 99.1 98.2 97.0 98.9 97.0 96.9 97.3
AP3 (Boulogne, 2007) S ≤0.12 >32 M. abscessus 99.4 98.2 99.5 95.6 98.0 97.8 97.7 97.9 M. massiliense
M. massiliense 97.2 100 100 100 100 99.8 99.8 97.9
63 (Tours, 2004) S ≤0.12 >32 M. bolletii 96.2 98.8 98.2 97.2 98.9 96.5 97.2 99.4
6 (Nantes, 2003) R >32 32 M. abscessus 96.3 98.5 97.8 95.6 97.9 97.8 97.6 97.7 M. massiliense
M. massiliense 100 100 98.0 99.6 99.8 99.1 99.6 99.6
M. bolletii 98.2 99.1 99.8 97.2 98.8 96.9 96.9 96.9
47 (Grenoble, 2004) S >32 8 M. abscessus 99.7 98.2 99.4 95.6 97.7 98.0 97.3 97.7 M. massiliense
M. massiliense 98.4 100 100 99.6 99.6 100 99.4 99.6
M. bolletii 100 99.1 98.2 97.2 98.6 96.7 96.7 96.9
19 (Paris, 2004) R 16 >32 M. abscessus 95.7 98.2 99.6 96.6 100 98.0 95.9 99.4 ?
M. massiliense 98.3 99.1 100 97.2 98.0 99.6 97.5 98.6
M. bolletii 99.8 100 98.2 100 98.6 97.0 98.6 97.9
38 (La Réunion, 2005) S >32 >32 M. abscessus 95.7 98.2 97.7 96.6 99.1 95.8 95.7 98.1 M. bolletii
M. massiliense 98.5 99.7 98.2 97.2 98.2 97.0 96.9 97.3
M. bolletii 100 99.4 100 100 98.8 100 100 100
Open in a new tab
a

Isolate no. (city in France and year of collection).

b

CLA, clarithromycin; MNO, minocycline.

c

Reference strains used for comparison were M. abscessus CIP 104536T (same as ATCC 19977T), M. massiliense CIP 108297T, and M. bolletii CIP 108541T.

d

Values shown in boldface type indicate the highest percentage of identity.

e

?, unknown.

The 15 isolates showing “interspecific composite patterns” were further studied by partially sequencing the housekeeping genes argH (argininosuccinate lyase), glpK (glycerol kinase), murC (UDP-N-acetylmuramate-l-Ala ligase), gnd (6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase), and cya (adenylate cyclase). The nucleotide sequences of these five genes were obtained from GenBank (27) for M. abscessus CIP 104536T and were determined using the primers presented in Table 1 for M. massiliense CIP 108297T and M. bolletii CIP 108541T; these sequences were submitted to GenBank (accession numbers FJ609780, FJ609781, FJ609782, FJ609783, and FJ609784 for argH, glpK, murC, gnd, and cya of M. bolletii and FJ609785, FJ609786, FJ609787, FJ609788, and FJ609789 for argH, glpK, murC, gnd, and cya of M. massiliense, respectively). The proteins encoded by argH, gnd, and cya have been used for multilocus enzyme electrophoresis analysis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and the Mycobacterium avium-Mycobacterium intracellulare complex (14, 30), whereas murC and glpK are known housekeeping genes of M. tuberculosis and Mycobacterium leprae (21, 28). Dideoxy sequencing was carried out on both strands as described above.

TABLE 1.

Primers used for PCR and sequencing

Gene Primer Sequence Amplified fragment size (bp) Temp (°C) Reference
rpoB MYCOF 5′-GGCAAGGTCACCCCGAAGGG-3′ 723 68 3
MYCOR 5′-AGCGGCTGCTGGGTGATCATC-3′ 68
hsp65 TB11 5′-ACCAACGATGGTGTGTCCAT-3′ 441 60 33
TB12 5′-CTTGTCGAACCGCATACCCT-3′ 62
sodA SODLGF 5′-GAAGGAATCTCGTGGCTGAATAC-3′ 541 68 3
SODLGR 5′-AGTCGGCCTTGACGTTCTTGTAC-3′ 70
argH ARGHF 5′-GACGAGGGCGACAGCTTC-3′ 629 60 This study
ARGHSR1 5′-GTGCGCGAGCAGATGATG-3′ 58
glpK GLPKSF1 5′-AATCTCACCGGCGGTGTC-3′ 609 58 This study
GLPKSR2 5′-GGACAGACCCACGATGGC-3′ 60
murC MURCSF1 5′-CGGACGAAAGCGACGGCT-3′ 607 60 This study
MURCSR2 5′-CCAAAACCCTGCTGAGCC-3′ 58
gnd GNDF 5′-GTGACGTCGGAGTGGTTGG-3′ 634 62 This study
GNDSR1 5′-CTTCGCCTCAGGTCAGCTC-3′ 62
cya ACF 5′-GTGAAGCGGGCCAAGAAG-3′ 647 58 This study
ACSR1 5′-AACTGGGAGGCCAGGAGC-3′ 60
Open in a new tab

Sequence data obtained with argH, glpK, murC, gnd, and cya were concordant in seven isolates (three S and four R; all five genes had the highest identity to the same species) and were discordant (four or more genes had the highest identity to the same species) in eight isolates (five S and three R) (Table 2). Among the seven isolates with concordant data, four shared the strongest identity with M. abscessus (isolates 48, AP2, AP6, and AP11) and three with M. massiliense (isolates R3, 6, and 47). These results were consistent with sequence data obtained with hsp65 in all seven isolates, with rpoB in five isolates (48, AP2, AP6, AP11, and 6), and with sodA in only two isolates (R3 and 47). Among the eight isolates showing composite patterns, six could be presumptively identified to the species level (same species assignment provided by two genes among rpoB, hsp65, and sodA and by four genes among argH, glpK, murC, gnd, and cya)—three as M. abscessus (isolates 7, 59, and 70), two as M. massiliense (isolates AP3 and 63), and one as M. bolletii (isolate 38). Finally, two isolates had a highly complex pattern (isolates 19 and 31) that did not allow species identification.

All isolates were tested for their susceptibility to clarithromycin and minocycline, using the broth microdilution method (Sensititre RGMYCO; Biocentric, Bandol, France) (24). All but 4 of the 44 isolates with concordant rpoB, hsp65, and sodA sequences had MICs to clarithromycin of ≤2 mg/liter. The remaining four isolates (two M. abscessus, one M. massiliense, and one M. bolletii) had MICs of >32 mg/liter. Thus, in contrast to previous reports (4), most of the M. bolletii isolates studied (five of six) were susceptible to clarithromycin. All but one of the M. abscessus and M. bolletii isolates with concordant rpoB, hsp65, and sodA sequences had MICs to minocycline of ≥16 mg/liter, while 7 of the 13 M. massiliense isolates had MICs of ≤8 mg/liter, including four isolates with MICs of ≤1 mg/liter. The MICs to clarithromycin and minocycline of the 15 strains with “interspecific composite patterns” are shown in Table 2. The MICs to clarithromycin were ≤2 mg/liter for nine isolates and ≥16 mg/liter for five isolates (one was presumptively identified as M. abscessus, two as M. massiliense, one as M. bolletii, and one was unknown). All but one of the isolates (isolate 47, which had a MIC of 8 mg/liter and was presumptively identified as M. massiliense) had MICs to minocycline of ≥32 mg/liter.

Today, the main method for identifying an RGM to the species level is based on the sequencing of one gene in particular, rpoB, which has been widely studied (1, 2). Our study shows that this strategy is not suitable for identifying species within the M. abscessus group, due to the significant number of isolates displaying a composite genetic structure—more than a quarter of the isolates in our series. This relatively high number does not seem to reflect a bias in selection; indeed, we studied all the isolates from our collection, which were obtained by different laboratories at different geographical locations and on different dates. The only potential bias could arise from the fact that all our isolates were from CF patients. However, this is very unlikely because M. abscessus sensu lato isolates found in CF patients show extensive genetic diversity and are probably acquired in the community, from various reservoirs, rather than acquired in hospitals or by patient-to-patient transmission (6, 29).

Several recent studies have reported similar findings. Viana-Niero et al. reported two M. bolletii isolates with a sodA sequence identical to that in M. massiliense (35). Kim et al. reported two isolates from South Korea which were identified as M. massiliense with rpoB and sodA and as M. abscessus with hsp65 (18). Very recently, Zelazny et al. reported 7 out of 42 clinical isolates showing ambiguous identification by partial sequencing of rpoB, hsp65, and secA (36). These findings, similar to our own observations, are unlikely to be related to mutations (the presence of specific genetic signatures). Rather, they suggest genetic exchange among members of the M. abscessus group, most probably leading to legitimate recombination events between homologous genes. As shown for the first time here, these events also involve housekeeping genes, such as cya and glpK, and are undoubtedly relatively frequent in this group of bacteria. Certain M. abscessus isolates thus seem to have a composite genetic structure, resulting from genetic exchange between the members of this group.

The practical implication of these results is that an M. abscessus sensu lato isolate cannot be reliably identified to the species level by sequencing a single genetic locus, whatever it is. As reported in the study by Devulder et al. (13), sodA was the most variable gene in our study; in 10 composite strains with concordant rpoB and hsp65 sequences, the sodA sequence diverged, and in five of these strains, sodA was the only one that diverged. However, rpoB and hsp65, the genes most frequently used for RGM identification (11-13, 18, 35), also gave diverging data for a number of strains. For two of our isolates (isolates 19 and 31), the sequence data for the eight genes studied, comprising ∼4,330 bp, did not allow us to distinguish between M. abscessus, M. massiliense, and M. bolletii.

Furthermore, our findings, together with those of Viana-Niero et al. (35), Kim et al. (18) and Zelazny et al. (36), question the distinction between M. abscessus, M. massiliense, and M. bolletii within the M. abscessus group. M. massiliense and M. bolletii were identified as novel species on the basis of >3% divergence of their rpoB gene sequence from the sequences of the M. abscessus type strain (1, 5, 7, 36). The difference between M. abscessus and M. massiliense or M. bolletii rpoB nucleotide sequences is indeed about 3%, but there is only a 1.5% difference between those of M. massiliense and M. bolletii. Our results do not call into question the existence of these three entities within the M. abscessus group; indeed, it is clear that composite strains arose from exchanges between these three entities. But the definition of species based on just one or two gene sequences should be questioned (17). Further studies are needed to determine whether these three bacterial entities should be considered truly distinct species within the M. abscessus group.

Nucleotide sequence accession numbers.

The sequences of the following genes were submitted to GenBank: argH, glpK, murC, gnd, and cya of M. bolletii CIP 108541T under accession numbers FJ609780, FJ609781, FJ609782, FJ609783, and FJ609784, respectively, and argH, glpK, murC, gnd, and cya of M. massiliense CIP 108297T under accession numbers FJ609785, FJ609786, FJ609787, FJ609788, and FJ609789, respectively.

Footnotes

▿

Published ahead of print on 10 June 2009.

REFERENCES

  • 1.Adekambi, T., P. Berger, D. Raoult, and M. Drancourt. 2006. rpoB gene sequence-based characterization of emerging non-tuberculous mycobacteria with descriptions of Mycobacterium bolletii sp. nov., Mycobacterium phocaicum sp. nov. and Mycobacterium aubagnense sp. nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 56133-143. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 2.Adékambi, T., P. Colson, and M. Drancourt. 2003. rpoB-based identification of nonpigmented and late-pigmenting rapidly growing mycobacteria. J. Clin. Microbiol. 415699-5708. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 3.Adékambi, T., and M. Drancourt. 2004. Dissection of phylogenetic relationships among 19 rapidly growing Mycobacterium species by 16S rRNA, hsp65, sodA, recA and rpoB gene sequencing. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 542095-2105. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 4.Adékambi, T., and M. Drancourt. 2009. Mycobacterium bolletii respiratory infections. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 15302-305. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 5.Adekambi, T., M. Reynaud-Gaubert, G. Greub, M. J. Gevaudan, B. La Scola, D. Raoult, and M. Drancourt. 2004. Amoebal coculture of “Mycobacterium massiliense” sp. nov. from the sputum of a patient with hemoptoic pneumonia. J. Clin. Microbiol. 425493-5501. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 6.Bange, F. C., B. A. Brown, C. Smaczny, R. J. Wallace, Jr., and E. C. Bottger. 2001. Lack of transmission of Mycobacterium abscessus among patients with cystic fibrosis attending a single clinic. Clin. Infect. Dis. 321648-1650. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 7.Blackwood, K. S., C. He, J. Gunton, C. Y. Turenne, J. Wolfe, and A. M. Kabani. 2000. Evaluation of recA sequences for identification of Mycobacterium species. J. Clin. Microbiol. 382846-2852. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 8.Brown-Elliott, B. A., and R. J. Wallace, Jr. 2002. Clinical and taxonomic status of pathogenic nonpigmented or late-pigmenting rapidly growing mycobacteria. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 15716-746. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 9.Catherinot, E., J. Clarissou, G. Etienne, F. Ripoll, J. F. Emile, M. Daffe, C. Perronne, C. Soudais, J. L. Gaillard, and M. Rottman. 2007. Hypervirulence of a rough variant of the Mycobacterium abscessus type strain. Infect. Immun. 751055-1058. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 10.Chernenko, S. M., A. Humar, M. Hutcheon, C. W. Chow, C. Chaparro, S. Keshavjee, and L. G. Singer. 2006. Mycobacterium abscessus infections in lung transplant recipients: the international experience. J. Heart Lung Transplant. 251447-1455. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 11.Cheunoy, W., T. Prammananan, A. Chaiprasert, and S. Foongladda. 2005. Comparative evaluation of polymerase chain reaction and restriction enzyme analysis: two amplified targets, hsp65 and rpoB, for identification of cultured mycobacteria. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 51165-171. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 12.Cooksey, R. C., M. A. Jhung, M. A. Yakrus, W. R. Butler, T. Adekambi, G. P. Morlock, M. Williams, A. M. Shams, B. J. Jensen, R. E. Morey, N. Charles, S. R. Toney, K. C. Jost, Jr., D. F. Dunbar, V. Bennett, M. Kuan, and A. Srinivasan. 2008. Multiphasic approach reveals genetic diversity of environmental and patient isolates of Mycobacterium mucogenicum and Mycobacterium phocaicum associated with an outbreak of bacteremias at a Texas hospital. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 742480-2487. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 13.Devulder, G., M. Perouse de Montclos, and J. P. Flandrois. 2005. A multigene approach to phylogenetic analysis using the genus Mycobacterium as a model. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 55293-302. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 14.Feizabadi, M. M., I. D. Robertson, D. V. Cousins, D. J. Dawson, and D. J. Hampson. 1997. Use of multilocus enzyme electrophoresis to examine genetic relationships amongst isolates of Mycobacterium intracellulare and related species. Microbiology 1431461-1469. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 15.Griffith, D. E. 2003. Emergence of nontuberculous mycobacteria as pathogens in cystic fibrosis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 167810-812. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 16.Hill, L. R., V. B. D. Skerman, and P. H. A. Sneath. 1984. Corrigenda to the approved lists of bacterial names edited for the international committee on systematic bacteriology. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 34508-511. [Google Scholar]
  • 17.Janda, J. M., and S. L. Abbott. 2002. Bacterial identification for publication: when is enough enough? J. Clin. Microbiol. 401887-1891. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 18.Kim, H. Y., Y. Kook, Y. J. Yun, C. G. Park, N. Y. Lee, T. S. Shim, B. J. Kim, and Y. H. Kook. 2008. Proportion of Mycobacterium massiliense and Mycobacterium bolletii in Korean Mycobacterium chelonae-Mycobacterium abscessus group isolates. J. Clin. Microbiol. 463384-3390. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 19.Kubica, G. P., I. Baess, R. E. Gordon, P. A. Jenkins, J. B. G. Kwapinski, C. McDurmont, S. R. Pattyn, H. Saito, V. Silcox, J. L. Stanford, K. Takeya, and M. Tsukamura. 1972. A co-operative numerical analysis of rapidly growing mycobacteria. J. Gen. Microbiol. 7355-70. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 20.Kusunoki, S., and T. Ezaki. 1992. Proposal of Mycobacterium peregrinum sp. nov., nom. rev., and elevation of Mycobacterium chelonae subsp. abscessus (Kubica et al.) to species status: Mycobacterium abscessus comb. nov. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 42240-245. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 21.Mahapatra, S., D. C. Crick, and P. J. Brennan. 2000. Comparison of the UDP-N-acetylmuramate:l-alanine ligase enzymes from Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium leprae. J. Bacteriol. 1826827-6830. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 22.Moore, M., and J. B. Frerichs. 1953. An unusual acid-fast infection of the knee with subcutaneous, abscess-like lesions of the gluteal region; report of a case with a study of the organism, Mycobacterium abscessus, n. sp. J. Investig. Dermatol. 20133-169. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 23.Mussaffi, H., J. Rivlin, I. Shalit, M. Ephros, and H. Blau. 2005. Nontuberculous mycobacteria in cystic fibrosis associated with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis and steroid therapy. Eur. Respir. J. 25324-328. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 24.National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. 2002. Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Document no. M100-S12. NCCLS, Wayne, PA.
  • 25.Olivier, K. N., D. J. Weber, R. J. Wallace, Jr., A. R. Faiz, J. H. Lee, Y. Zhang, B. A. Brown-Elliot, A. Handler, R. W. Wilson, M. S. Schechter, L. J. Edwards, S. Chakraborti, and M. R. Knowles. 2003. Nontuberculous mycobacteria. I: multicenter prevalence study in cystic fibrosis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 167828-834. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 26.Ringuet, H., C. Akoua-Koffi, S. Honore, A. Varnerot, V. Vincent, P. Berche, J. L. Gaillard, and C. Pierre-Audigier. 1999. hsp65 sequencing for identification of rapidly growing mycobacteria. J. Clin. Microbiol. 37852-857. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 27.Ripoll, F., S. Pasek, C. Schenowitz, C. Dossat, V. Barbe, M. Rottman, E. Macheras, B. Heym, J. L. Herrmann, M. Daffe, R. Brosch, J. L. Risler, and J. L. Gaillard. 2009. Nonmycobacterial virulence genes in the genome of the emerging pathogen Mycobacterium abscessus. PLoS ONE 4e5660. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 28.Sassetti, C. M., D. H. Boyd, and E. J. Rubin. 2003. Genes required for mycobacterial growth defined by high density mutagenesis. Mol. Microbiol. 4877-84. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 29.Sermet-Gaudelus, I., M. Le Bourgeois, C. Pierre-Audigier, C. Offredo, D. Guillemot, S. Halley, C. Akoua-Koffi, V. Vincent, V. Sivadon-Tardy, A. Ferroni, P. Berche, P. Scheinmann, G. Lenoir, and J. L. Gaillard. 2003. Mycobacterium abscessus and children with cystic fibrosis. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 91587-1591. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 30.Shenoy, A. R., N. Srinivasan, and S. S. Visweswariah. 2002. The ascent of nucleotide cyclases: conservation and evolution of a theme. J. Biosci. 2785-91. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 31.Springer, B., E. C. Bottger, P. Kirschner, and R. J. Wallace, Jr. 1995. Phylogeny of the Mycobacterium chelonae-like organism based on partial sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene and proposal of Mycobacterium mucogenicum sp. nov. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 45262-267. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 32.Stanford, J. L., S. R. Pattyn, F. Portaels, and W. J. Gunthorpe. 1972. Studies of Mycobacterium chelonei. J. Med. Microbiol. 5177-182. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 33.Telenti, A., F. Marchesi, M. Balz, F. Bally, E. Böttger, and T. Bodmer. 1993. Rapid identification of mycobacteria to the species level by polymerase chain reaction and restriction enzyme analysis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 31175-178. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 34.Tortoli, E. 2003. Impact of genotypic studies on mycobacterial taxonomy: the new mycobacteria of the 1990s. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 16319-354. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 35.Viana-Niero, C., K. V. Lima, M. L. Lopes, M. C. Rabello, L. R. Marsola, V. C. Brilhante, A. M. Durham, and S. C. Leao. 2008. Molecular characterization of Mycobacterium massiliense and Mycobacterium bolletii in isolates collected from outbreaks of infections after laparoscopic surgeries and cosmetic procedures. J. Clin. Microbiol. 46850-855. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 36.Zelazny, A. M., J. M. Root, Y. R. Shea, R. E. Colombo, I. C. Shamputa, F. Stock, S. Conlan, S. M. McNulty, B. A. Brown-Elliott, R. J. Wallace, Jr., K. N. Olivier, S. M. Holland, and E. P. Sampaio. 2009. Cohort study of molecular identification and typing of Mycobacterium abscessus, Mycobacterium massiliense and Mycobacterium bolletii. J. Clin. Microbiol. 471985-1995. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 37.Zhang, Y., M. A. Yakrus, E. A. Graviss, N. Williams-Bouyer, C. Turenne, A. Kabani, and R. J. Wallace, Jr. 2004. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis study of Mycobacterium abscessus isolates previously affected by DNA degradation. J. Clin. Microbiol. 425582-5587. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Journal of Clinical Microbiology are provided here courtesy of American Society for Microbiology (ASM)

RESOURCES