Skip to main content
PMC home page
Journal of Clinical Microbiology logoLink to Journal of Clinical Microbiology
. 1983 Feb;17(2):202–217. doi: 10.1128/jcm.17.2.202-217.1983

Evaluation of a computer-assisted, kinetics-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of coronavirus antibodies in cats.

J E Barlough, R H Jacobson, D R Downing, K L Marcella, T J Lynch, F W Scott
PMCID: PMC272610  PMID: 6300184

Abstract

A computer-assisted, kinetics-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was adapted for the detection of coronavirus antibodies in feline serum. An alkaline antigen diluent (carbonate-bicarbonate buffer, pH 9.6) used in initial experiments produced diffuse, nonspecific color reactions in both viral and control antigen cuvettes which were correlated, paradoxically, with coronavirus antibody levels in test sera. These interfering reactions were minimized by use of lower-pH antigen diluents such as water and phosphate-buffered saline. Background kinetics-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay reactivity directed against a noncoronaviral component of antigen tissue culture fluids could then detected in numerous sera, particularly in samples with lower titers. Much of this reactivity was shown to be associated with bovine gamma globulins in cell culture fluid. It was not serum lot or species specific, since a variety of bovine serum lots as well as individual lots of serum from other mammalian and avian species reacted. Reactivity was markedly reduced when cells for antigen preparation were grown in gamma globulin-free bovine serum. Generation of corrected slope values from the kinetics-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay made it possible to correct for residual background reactivity in individual test sera and thus eliminate a potentially major source of false-positive reactions. Collectively, these studies indicated that the control of nonspecific reactivity in feline coronavirus serology is absolutely essential to obtain useful estimates of specific antibody responses.

Full text

PDF
202

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Avrameas S., Ternynck T. The cross-linking of proteins with glutaraldehyde and its use for the preparation of immunoadsorbents. Immunochemistry. 1969 Jan;6(1):53–66. doi: 10.1016/0019-2791(69)90178-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Binn L. N., Marchwicki R. H., Stephenson E. H. Establishment of a canine cell line: derivation, characterization, and viral spectrum. Am J Vet Res. 1980 Jun;41(6):855–860. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Bittle J. L., Rubic W. J. Immunization against feline calicivirus infection. Am J Vet Res. 1976 Mar;37(3):275–278. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Bittle J. L., Rubic W. J. Immunogenic and protective effects of the F-2 strain of feline viral rhinotracheitis virus. Am J Vet Res. 1975 Jan;36(1):89–91. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Carthew P., Gannon J., Whisson I. Comparison of alkaline phosphatase and horseradish peroxidase conjugated antisera in the ELISA test for antibodies to reovirus 3, mouse hepatitis and Sendai viruses. Lab Anim. 1981 Jan;15(1):69–73. doi: 10.1258/002367781780958504. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Chapek M. L., McClaughry L. E., Wilkins L. M. Efficiency and safety of an inactivated feline parvovirus vaccine against canine parvovirus infection. Mod Vet Pract. 1980 Mar;61(3):261–263. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Dea S., Roy R. S., Elazhary M. A. Coronavirus-like Particles in the Feces of a Cat with Diarrhea. Can Vet J. 1982 May;23(5):153–155. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Denoyel G. A., Gaspar A., Nouyrigat C. Enzyme immunoassay for measurement of antibodies to herpes simplex virus infection: comparison with complement fixation, immunofluorescent-antibody, and neutralization techniques. J Clin Microbiol. 1980 Feb;11(2):114–119. doi: 10.1128/jcm.11.2.114-119.1980. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Engvall E., Perlmann P. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, Elisa. 3. Quantitation of specific antibodies by enzyme-labeled anti-immunoglobulin in antigen-coated tubes. J Immunol. 1972 Jul;109(1):129–135. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Forghani B., Schmidt N. J. Antigen requirements, sensitivity, and specificity of enzyme immunoassays for measles and rubella viral antibodies. J Clin Microbiol. 1979 Jun;9(6):657–664. doi: 10.1128/jcm.9.6.657-664.1979. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Garcia Z., Bankowski R. A. Comparison of a tissue-culture virus-neutralization test and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for measurement of antibodies t infectious bronchitis. Avian Dis. 1981 Jan-Mar;25(1):121–130. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Hayashi T., Goto N., Takahashi R., Fujiwara K. Systemic vascular lesions in feline infectious peritonitis. Nihon Juigaku Zasshi. 1977 Aug;39(4):365–377. doi: 10.1292/jvms1939.39.365. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Hayashi T., Watabe Y., Nakayama H., Fujiwara K. Enteritis due to feline infectious peritonitis virus. Nihon Juigaku Zasshi. 1982 Feb;44(1):97–106. doi: 10.1292/jvms1939.44.97. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Horzinek M. C., Osterhaus A. D., Wirahadiredja R. M., de Kreek P. Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) virus. III. Studies on the multiplication of FIP virus in the suckling mouse. Zentralbl Veterinarmed B. 1978 Dec;25(10):806–815. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Hoshino Y., Scott F. W. Coronavirus-like particles in the feces of normal cats. Arch Virol. 1980;63(2):147–152. doi: 10.1007/BF01320772. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Jacobse-Geels H. E., Daha M. R., Horzinek M. C. Isolation and characterization of feline C3 and evidence for the immune complex pathogenesis of feline infectious peritonitis. J Immunol. 1980 Oct;125(4):1606–1610. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Jacobson R. H., Downing D. R., Lynch T. J. Computer-assisted enzyme immunoassays and simplified immunofluorescence assays: applications for the diagnostic laboratory and the veterinarian's office. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1982 Nov 15;181(10):1166–1168. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Johansson M. E., Bergquist N. R., Grandien M. Antibodies to calf serum as a cause of unwanted reaction in immunofluorescence tests. J Immunol Methods. 1976;11(3-4):265–272. doi: 10.1016/0022-1759(76)90119-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Jonsson J., Fagraeus A., Biberfeld G. The mixed haemadsorption test as an aid to the diagnosis of thyroid autoimmune disease. Clin Exp Immunol. 1968 May;3(4):287–304. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Kraaijeveld C. A., Madge M. H., Macnaughton M. R. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for coronaviruses HCV 229E and MHV 3. J Gen Virol. 1980 Jul;49(1):83–89. doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-49-1-83. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Lewis V. J., Thacker W. L., Mitchell S. H. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for chlamydial antibodies. J Clin Microbiol. 1977 Nov;6(5):507–510. doi: 10.1128/jcm.6.5.507-510.1977. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Marquardt W. W., Snyder D. B., Schlotthober B. A. Detection and quantification of antibodies to infectious bronchitis virus by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Avian Dis. 1981 Jul-Sep;25(3):713–722. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Mitzel J. R., Strating A. Vaccination against feline pneumonitis. Am J Vet Res. 1977 Sep;38(9):1361–1363. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Montali R. J., Strandberg J. D. Extraperitoneal lesions in feline infectious peritonitis. Vet Pathol. 1972;9(2):109–121. doi: 10.1177/030098587200900204. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. O'Reilly K. J. Study of an attenuated strain of feline infectious enteritis (panleucopaenia) virus. I. Spread of vaccine virus from cats affected with feline respiratory disease. J Hyg (Lond) 1971 Dec;69(4):627–635. doi: 10.1017/s0022172400021902. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. O'Reilly K. J., Whitaker A. M. The development of feline cell lines for the growth of feline infectious enteritis (panleucopaenia) virus. J Hyg (Lond) 1969 Mar;67(1):115–124. doi: 10.1017/s0022172400041498. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Okoshi S., Tomoda I., Makimura S. Analysis of normal cat serum by immunoelectrophoresis. Nihon Juigaku Zasshi. 1967 Dec;29(6):337–345. doi: 10.1292/jvms1939.29.337. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Osterhaus A. D., Horzinek M. C., Reynolds D. J. Seroepidemiology of feline infectious peritonitis virus infections using transmissible gastroenteritis virus as antigen. Zentralbl Veterinarmed B. 1977 Dec;24(10):835–841. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0450.1977.tb00976.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Osterhaus A., Kroon A., Wirahadiredja R. ELISA for the serology of FIP virus. Tijdschr Diergeneeskd. 1979 Jan 15;104(2):59–62. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Pachmann K., Leibold W. Insolubilization of protein antigens on polyacrylic plastic beads using poly-L-lysine. J Immunol Methods. 1976;12(1-2):81–89. doi: 10.1016/0022-1759(76)90098-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Payment P., Assaf R., Trudel M., Marois P. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for serology of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus infections. J Clin Microbiol. 1979 Nov;10(5):633–636. doi: 10.1128/jcm.10.5.633-636.1979. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Pedersen N. C., Boyle J. F., Floyd K., Fudge A., Barker J. An enteric coronavirus infection of cats and its relationship to feline infectious peritonitis. Am J Vet Res. 1981 Mar;42(3):368–377. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Pedersen N. C. Morphologic and physical characteristics of feline infectious peritonitis virus and its growth in autochthonous peritoneal cell cultures. Am J Vet Res. 1976 May;37(5):567–572. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Pedersen N. C. Serologic studies of naturally occurring feline infectious peritonitis. Am J Vet Res. 1976 Dec;37(12):1449–1453. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Pedersen N. C., Ward J., Mengeling W. L. Antigenic relationship of the feline infectious peritonitis virus to coronaviruses of other species. Arch Virol. 1978;58(1):45–53. doi: 10.1007/BF01315534. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Peters R. L., Collins M. J., Jr Use of mouse hepatitis virus antigen in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for rat coronaviruses. Lab Anim Sci. 1981 Oct;31(5 Pt 1):472–475. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Peters R. L., Collins M. J., O'Beirne A. J., Howton P. A., Hourihan S. L., Thomas S. F. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of antibodies to murine hepatitis virus. J Clin Microbiol. 1979 Oct;10(4):595–597. doi: 10.1128/jcm.10.4.595-597.1979. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Petersen N. C., Boyle J. F. Immunologic phenomena in the effusive form of feline infectious peritonitis. Am J Vet Res. 1980 Jun;41(6):868–876. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Poole G. M. Stability of a modified, live panleucopenia virus stored in liquid phase. Appl Microbiol. 1972 Oct;24(4):663–664. doi: 10.1128/am.24.4.663-664.1972. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Reynolds D. J., Garwes D. J., Gaskell C. J. Detection of transmissible gastroenteritis virus neutralising antibody in cats. Arch Virol. 1977;55(1-2):77–86. doi: 10.1007/BF01314481. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Reynolds D. J., Garwes D. J. Virus isolation and serum antibody responses after infection of cats with transmissible gastroenteritis virus. Brief report. Arch Virol. 1979;60(2):161–166. doi: 10.1007/BF01348032. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Salonen E. M., Vaheri A. Immobilization of viral and mycoplasma antigens and of immunoglobulins on polystyrene surface for immunoassays. J Immunol Methods. 1979;30(3):209–218. doi: 10.1016/0022-1759(79)90095-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Slaght S. S., Yang T. J., van der Heide L. Adaptation of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to the avian system. J Clin Microbiol. 1979 Nov;10(5):698–702. doi: 10.1128/jcm.10.5.698-702.1979. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Soula A., Moreau Y. Antigen requirements and specificity of a microplate enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detecting infectious bronchitis viral antibodies in chicken serum. Arch Virol. 1981;67(4):283–295. doi: 10.1007/BF01314832. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Todd D., Adair B. M., Wibberley G. Use of control antigen to improve the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for enzootic bovine leukosis antibodies. Vet Rec. 1982 Mar 27;110(13):307–308. doi: 10.1136/vr.110.13.307. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Tsang V. C., Wilson B. C., Maddison S. E. Kinetic studies of a quantitative single-tube enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Clin Chem. 1980 Aug;26(9):1255–1260. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Tyrrell D. A., Alexander D. J., Almeida J. D., Cunningham C. H., Easterday B. C., Garwes D. J., Hierholzer J. C., Kapikian A., Macnaughton M. R., McIntosh K. Coronaviridae: second report. Intervirology. 1978;10(6):321–328. doi: 10.1159/000148996. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Vaerman J. P., Heremans J. F., Van Kerckhoven G. Communications. Identification of IgA in several mammalian species. J Immunol. 1969 Dec;103(6):1421–1423. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Vestergaard B. F., Grauballe P. C., Spanggaard H. Titration of herpes simplex virus antibodies in human sera by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand B. 1977 Dec;85B(6):466–468. doi: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1977.tb02004.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Weiss R. C., Dodds W. J., Scott F. W. Disseminated intravascular coagulation in experimentally induced feline infectious peritonitis. Am J Vet Res. 1980 May;41(5):663–671. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Weiss R. C., Scott F. W. Antibody-mediated enhancement of disease in feline infectious peritonitis: comparisons with dengue hemorrhagic fever. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis. 1981;4(2):175–189. doi: 10.1016/0147-9571(81)90003-5. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Weiss R. C., Scott F. W. Pathogenesis of feline infectious peritonitis: nature and development of viremia. Am J Vet Res. 1981 Mar;42(3):382–390. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Weiss R. C., Scott F. W. Pathogenesis of feline infetious peritonitis: pathologic changes and immunofluorescence. Am J Vet Res. 1981 Dec;42(12):2036–2048. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Witte K. H., Tuch K., Dubenkropp H., Walther C. Untersuchungen über die Antigenverwandtschaft der Viren der Felinen Infektiösen Peritonitis (FIP) und der Transmissiblen Gastroenteritis (TGE) des Schweines. Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr. 1977 Oct 15;90(20):396–401. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Wolfe L. G., Griesemer R. A. Feline infectious peritonitis. Pathol Vet. 1966;3(3):255–270. doi: 10.1177/030098586600300309. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Yang J., Kennedy M. T. Evaluation of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the serodiagnosis of amebiasis. J Clin Microbiol. 1979 Dec;10(6):778–785. doi: 10.1128/jcm.10.6.778-785.1979. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Yolken R. H., Stopa P. J. Analysis of nonspecific reactions in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay testing for human rotavirus. J Clin Microbiol. 1979 Nov;10(5):703–707. doi: 10.1128/jcm.10.5.703-707.1979. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Journal of Clinical Microbiology are provided here courtesy of American Society for Microbiology (ASM)

RESOURCES