A New Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method for Determination of Bisoprolol in Human Plasma Samples

Abstract

Liquid chromatography (LC) coupled with mass spectrometry (MS) detection is one of the most powerful analytical tools for organic compound analysis. The advantages of using LC/MS methods over HPLC methods include: selectivity, chromatographic integrity, peak assignment, structural information, and rapid method development. In this paper, a new liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method has been developed and validated for the determination of bisoprolol in human plasma samples, using metoprolol as internal standard and liquid-liquid extraction procedure. The assay has proven to be sensitive, specific and reproducible, suitable to determine the bisoprolol concentration, following a single oral administration of a 10 mg bisoprolol tablet in 22 healthy volunteers, in the bioequivalence study of Bisoprolol 10 mg coated tablets, produced by Antibiotice S.A. versus Concor 10 mg, produced by Merck.

1. Introduction

Bisoprolol fumarate is a synthetic cardioselective β₁-adrenergic blocker. Chemically, bisoprolol fumarate is (±)-1-[4-[[2-(1-methylethoxy)ethoxy]methyl]phenoxy]-3-[(1-methylethyl)amino]-2-propanol(E)-2-butenedioate (2 : 1) [1]. It possesses an asymmetric carbon atom in its structure and is provided as a racemic mixture. The S(−) enantiomer is responsible for most of the beta-blocking activity.

The objectives of this work were to develop and to validate a simple, accurate, rapid and economic LC-tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of bisoprolol in human plasma samples, using liquid-liquid extraction, and to present some of this method applications.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Instruments

All analyses were performed using the Agilent 1100 LC/MSD Trap XCT system. The system compenents included the Agilent 1100 Degasser, Agilent 1100 Binary Pump, Agilent 1100 Autosampler, Agilent 1100 Mass Selective Detector. The Bruker Daltonik software was used for system control and data acquisition. An analytical balance Mettler-Toledo XP56, a Sigma 2–16 K centrifuge and a Vibramax 110 shaker were used for the sample preparation.

The separation was performed using a reverse phase column (Zorbax SB-C18 Solvent Saver Plus, 3 × 100 mm, 3.5 μm, supplied by Agilent, USA).

2.2. Reagents

All solvents and other chemicals (acetonitrile, methanol, sodium hydroxide, tert-butyl methyl ether, water, formic acid) were HPLC grade provided by Merck's Chemical Co., Darmstadt, Germany. The reference substances of bisoprolol and metoprolol (internal standard) were supplied from the USP Pharmacopoeia. The human plasma was obtained from Center for Blood Drawing and Preservation, Iasi, Romania.

2.3. Bisoprolol Stock Solution

Bisoprolol was dissolved in methanol, obtaining a bisoprolol stock solution of 500 μg/mL.

2.4. Metoprolol Stock Solution

The internal standard, metoprolol, was dissolved in methanol, obtaining a metoprolol stock solution of 500 μg/mL.

2.5. Solutions for Linearity Response

Eight bisoprolol concentrations were prepared in human plasma, covering the expected range of observed concentrations (1–100 ng/mL). The theoretical concentrations of bisoprolol calibration standards were 1.0, 2.0, 10.0, 20.0, 40.0, 60.0, 80.0, and 100.0 ng/mL.

2.6. Quality Control Samples

Plasma samples having bisoprolol theoreticals concentrations of 3 ng/mL, 25 ng/mL and 75 ng/mL were considered to be appropriate to be used to validate the bioanalytical method.

2.7. Samples for Recovery

In order to determine the analyte and the internal standard recovery from the plasma, water samples containing the same bisoprolol concentrations as the quality control samples were prepared.

2.8. Samples Preparation

After alkalization with sodium hydroxide and addition internal standard solution, the 0.250 mL plasma sample was extracted with 2 mL tert-butyl methyl ether. The solvent was evaporated using a flow air at 40°C. The solid residue was dissolved in a 0.250 mL mixture 0.1% formic acid solution—acetonitrile (50-50, v/v).

3. Results and Discussions

3.1. The Development of the LC-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method

LC separation of bisoprolol and internal standard, metoprolol, has been carried out using the mobiles phases consisting of differents aqueous solutions and methanol or acetonitrile as organic phase. Hernardo et al. [2] used a acetonitrile as organic mobile phase to lead to shorter retention times and better resolution of the bisoprolol and internal standard. Formic acid solution as additive in water was used by Li et al. [3] to improve the sensitivity of MS detection.

The LC-MS/MS method for determination of bisoprolol in human plasma samples described in this paper was performed using a mobile phase consist in mixture 0.1% formic acid solution (pH 3)—acetonitrile (50-50, v/v). The LC system was operated at 0.3 mL/min, using the binary pump. The column temperature was 40°C. The injection volume was 5 μL and represented no more 5% of the total sample available for injection. Short run times of about 3 minutes were achieved for both bisoprolol and internal standard, metoprolol. Bisoprolol was eluted at 1.7 minutes and metoprolol at 1.9 minutes. The peaks of interest were free from interfering peaks at their respective retention time.

To minimize undesirable fragmentation voltages were tested from 80 to 200 V. At 100 V, the MS response of bisoprolol and metoprolol showed both minimal undesirable fragmentation and highest response.

The mass transition ion-pair was followed as m/z 326.2 → 116.1 for bisoprolol and m/z 268.2 → 191.0, for metoprolol, as sustained Bhatt et al. [4].

The protonated molecular ion of bisoprolol [M+H]⁺ (m/z 326.3) was tested to give the highest sensitivity. Based on the optimization results, m/z 116.2 was selected as the quantifier ion. Also, the protonated molecular ion of metoprolol [M+H]⁺ (m/z 268) was tested and m/z 116.2 was selected as the quantifier ion. We have chosen products ions with the same m/z value for bisoprolol and metoprolol, respectively, because a possible suppression effect would influence the quantification of both the analyte and internal standard in the same way.

Other mass spectrometric parameters (gas temperature, gas pressure and gas flow) were adjusted to get a maximum signal for bisoprolol. The nebulizing gas flow rate was set at 10 l/min, drying gaz temperature at 350°C, and the capillary voltage at 4000 V. The response of bisoprolol and metoprolol were measured by MRM in the positive ionization mode with a collision energy of 20 V.

3.2. Validation of the LC-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method

The method was validated according Guidance for Industry: Bioanalytical Method Validation [5].

The parameters usually examined in the validation process are selectivity/specificity, linearity, limit of quantification, accuracy and precision, stability.

3.2.1. Selectivity

The reversed-phase HPLC method described in this paper has been tested for possible interferences from other plasma factors. Plasma aliquots from six different sources were assessed for analysis in order to investigate the plasma components behavior.

As it can be seen in Figure 1, no overlapping peaks were detected at bisoprolol and internal standard retention time, 1.7 minutes and 1.9 minutes, respectively. The bioanalytical method proved to be selective.

Figure 1.

Chromatogram recorded for blank plasma sample.

3.2.2. Linearity and Lower Limit of Quantification

The linearity was investigated for a bisoprolol theoreticals concentrations range between 1 ng/mL and 100 ng/mL and the calibration curve was derived by plotting the peak-height ratios of the analyte and the internal standard against the concentration of bisoprolol, using linear regression analysis.

The least-square linear regression revealed that the relationship was linear in the investigated domain, with a correlation coefficient of 0.998599, meeting the acceptance criteria (r² ≥ 0, 990), as it can be seen in Figure 2.

Figure 2.

The bisoprolol calibration curve obtained for plasma samples described in Section 2.5.

The lower limit of quantification, that is, the lowest standard level with a coefficient of variation less than 20%, is for bisoprolol 0.990 ng/mL with 41.433 signal to noise ratio. The bioanalytical method proved to be sensitive, allowing a precise quantification of concentrations as low as 1 ng/mL (see Figure 3). Results are presented in Table 1.

Figure 3.

Chromatogram recorded for plasma containing bisoprolol (0.990 ng/mL, lower limit of quantification) and internal standard.

Table 1.

Lower limit of quantification.

	Analyte concentration (ng/mL)		0.990
	Conc. (ng/mL)	% nominal	Signal/noise ratio
	0.989	99.945	44.500
	1.407	142.094	36.000
	0.958	96.802	46.100
	1.167	117.863	31.700
	1.175	118.723	41.500
	1.241	125.400	48.800
N	6	6	6
Mean	1.156	116.804	41.433
SD (±)	0.166
CV(%)	14.339
	Acceptance criteria
	4 out of 6 LLQC must be 100 ± 20% nominal value.
	Mean % nominal 100 ± 20%
	CV (%) ≤ 20%
	Signal/noise ratio ≥ 5

3.2.3. Accuracy and Precision

Accuracy of the analitycal method represents the degree of closeness of the determined values of an analyte to the nominal/or known true value declared from an individual sample. The accuracy of a bioanalytical method is expressed as a percentage of the nominal value (% nominal).

Precision of the analitycal method represents the degree of dispersal of the values determined of an analyte, from a series of samples processed and analyzed individually from a homogeneous volume of biological matrix. Precision of a bioanalytical method is expressed as the coefficient of variation of the concerned series of determinations, CV (%).

The accuracy and precision of this method were calculated for three concentrations of bisoprolol in human plasma. Six replicate samples having bisoprolol theoreticals concentrations of 3 ng/mL (QC1), 25 ng/mL (QC2) and 75 ng/mL (QC3) were injected into the system. Table 2 summarizes the results obtained for the intraday parameters. The interday precision and accuracy was evaluated also using six aliquots for each quality control sample concentration, prepared and analysed in six different days. The results are presented in Table 3.

Table 2.

Evaluation of intraday precision and accuracy for bisoprolol spiked quality control samples.

Cth = 3 ng/mL			Cth = 25 ng/mL		Cth = 75 ng/mL
	Cexp (ng/mL)	% nominal	Cexp (ng/mL)	% nominal	Cexp (ng/mL)	% nominal
(1)	2.912	98.391	22.524	91.263	69.203	93.468
(2)	3.003	101.439	24.862	100.737	68.525	92.552
(3)	3.262	110.192	23.762	96.281	66.781	90.196
(4)	2.829	95.568	25.189	102.062	76.691	103.580
(5)	3.018	101.960	21.739	88.085	65.844	88.931
(6)	2.854	96.431	21.371	86.593	74.009	99.958
Mean	2.980	100.664	23.241	94.170	70.176	94.781
SD	0.158		1.610		4.268
CV %	5.296		6.927		6.082
		Acceptance criteria
		67% Total QCs must be 100 ± 15% nominal values
		50% QCs per level must be 100 ± 15% nominal values
		Mean % nominal 100 ± 15%
		CV (%) ≤ 15%

C_th = theoretical concentration. C_exp = experimental concentration. SD = standard deviation. CV % = coefficient of variation

Table 3.

Evaluation of interday precision and accuracy for bisoprolol spiked quality control samples.

Cth = 3 ng/mL			Cth = 25 ng/mL		Cth = 75 ng/mL
	Cexp (ng/mL)	Accuracy (%)	Cexp (ng/mL)	Accuracy (%)	Cexp (ng/mL)	Accuracy (%)
(1)	3.015	101.860	24.331	98.586	70.921	95.788
(2)	2.879	97.276	23.332	94.539	77.073	104.097
(3)	3.257	110.048	23.109	93.636	77.932	105.256
(4)	2.964	100.136	24.013	97.297	70.590	95.340
(5)	2.943	99.439	28.411	115.117	75.582	102.083
(6)	3.152	106.480	24.910	100.933	74.865	101.115
Mean	3.035	102.540	24.684	100.018	74.494	100.613
SD	0.142		1.940		3.092
CV %	4.686		7.860		4.151
		Acceptance criteria
		67% Total QCs must be 100 ± 15% nominal values
		50% QCs per level must be 100 ± 15% nominal values
		Mean % nominal 100 ± 15%
		CV (%) ≤ 15%

Intra-and interday precision of analysis was <8% and accuracy range was from 94.170% to 102.540%.

The values for the investigated parameters proved to be lower than the one reported by Oniscu et al. [6], employing a HPLC method with fluorescence detection. Also, Liu et al. [7] reported an accuracy ranged from 89.4%–113%, employing a precipitation with acetonitrile procedure for plasma sample preparations.

3.2.4. Recovery

Recovery of Bisoprolol was evaluated by comparing analyte response of six extracted samples of low, medium, and high quality control samples to those of six appropriately diluted standard solutions. Mean recovery values for Bisoprolol are 76.529, 78.479, and 79.863% at low, medium and high quality control levels, respectively.

For internal standard, mean internal standard response of eighteen extracted samples was compared to the mean internal standard responses of eighteen appropriately diluted internal standard solutions. Mean recovery value for the internal standard is 90.568%.

3.2.5. Stability Tests

To test stability, a series of standards samples was prepared from freshly made stock solutions in the same solvent used for the assay. The lowest and highest concentration of the quality control (3 ng/mL and 75 ng/mL), including the analyte and internal standard (when appropiate) were used. Human plasma samples of each concentration were prepared in enough volume to have multiple aliquots.The aliquots of each concentration were processed and quantified immediately in order to provide the reference (fresh) values and other six aliquots of each concentration were processed for the desired tests.

The following subsections present the procedure carried out and the corresponding results.

(a) Stability of the Analyte after Sample Processing at Room Temperature —

Samples prepared at low (QC1) and high (QC3) quality control levels were submitted to the extraction procedure and kept at room temperature under ambient laboratory conditions (stability samples). A calibration curve and 6 replicates of low and high quality control samples (comparison samples) were freshly processed and analyzed with 6 replicates of stability samples in a single run. Concentrations were calculated to determine% change over time.

Bisoprolol is found to be stable for 31 hours at room temperature under ambient laboratory conditions after sample processing with % changes (ratio between mean concentration of stability samples and mean concentration of comparison samples) of −11.483 and −2.808%. Results are presented in Table 4.

Table 4.

Stability of analyte following sample processing at room temperature.

	Analyte:		Bisoprolol
	Biological matrix:		Human Plasma
	Storage condition:		31 Hours at Room Temperature
	QC1 (3 ng/mL)			QC3 (75 ng/mL)
	Comparison Samples		Stability Samples	Comparison Samples		Stability Samples
	Measured	% nominal	Measured	Measured	% nominal	Measured
	Conc.		Conc.	Conc.		Conc.
	2.682	90.611	2.838	80.224	108.352	82.798
	2.330	78.719	2.639	82.755	111.771	63.262
	3.082	104.134	2.434	78.821	106.457	75.379
	2.380	80.392	2.079	79.826	107.815	80.616
	2.117	71.504	2.047	91.323	123.343	58.511
	2.619	88.475	2.745	84.105	113.595	79.410
N	6	6	6	6	6	6
Mean	2.535	85.639	2.464	82.842	111.889	73.329
SD (±)	0.338		0.338	4.597		10.049
CV(%)	13.314		13.734	5.549		13.704
% Change		−2.808			−11.483
	Acceptance criteria
	67% comparison samples must be 100 ± 15% nominal values
	Mean % nominal of comparison samples 100 ± 15%
	CV (%) ≤ 15%
	% Change ± 15%

(b) Stability of Analyte in Biological Matrix at Room Temperature —

Samples were prepared at low (QC1) and high (QC3) quality control levels. Six replicates of low and high quality control samples were left at room temperature for approximately 4 hours (stability samples). A calibration curve and 6 replicates of low and high quality control samples (comparison samples) were freshly processed with 6 replicates of stability samples and analyzed in a single run. Concentrations were calculated to determine % change over time.

Bisoprolol is found to be stable in human plasma for 4 hours at room temperature with % changes of 3.522 and 3.566%. Results are presented in Table 5.

Table 5.

Stability of analyte in biological matrix at room temperature.

	Analyte:		Bisoprolol
	Biological matrix:		Human plasma
	Storage condition:		4 Hours at Room Temperature
	QC1 (3 ng/mL)			QC3 (75 ng/mL)
	Comparison Samples		Stability Samples	Comparison Samples		Stability Samples
	Measured	% nominal	Measured	Measured	% nominal	Measured
	Conc.		Conc.	Conc.		Conc.
	3.509	118.561	3.540	61.764	83.419	72.020
	2.839	95.898	3.502	74.312	100.368	67.462
	3.453	116.639	3.281	73.697	99.537	90.117
	3.187	107.684	3.514	72.186	97.495	73.715
	4.310	145.604	3.616	68.557	92.595	69.225
	3.123	105.510	3.688	75.832	102.421	69.012
N	6	6	6	6	6	6
Mean	3.403	114.983	3.523	71.058	95.973	73.592
SD (±)	0.506		0.138	5.182		8.405
CV(%)	14.864		3.925	7.292		11.421
% Change		3.522			3.566
	Acceptance criteria:
	67% comparison samples must be 100 ± 15% nominal values
	Mean % nominal of comparison samples 100 ± 15%
	CV (%) ≤ 15%
	% Change ± 15%

(c) Stability of Analyte in Biological Matrix after 3 Freeze–Thaw Cycles —

Samples were prepared at low (QC1) and high (QC3) quality control levels, aliquoted and frozen at −25 ± 10°C. Some of the aliquots of quality control samples were subjected to three freeze-thaw cycles (stability samples). The remaining aliquots were not thawed (comparison samples). A calibration curve and 6 replicates of low and high quality control samples (comparison samples) were freshly processed with 6 replicates of stability samples and analyzed in a single run. Concentrations were calculated to determine% change over freeze-thaw cycles. Bisoprolol is found to be stable in human plasma after three freeze-thaw cycles with % changes of 1.920 and 6.212%. Results are presented in Table 6.

Table 6.

Stability of analyte in biological matrix after 3 freeze-thaw cycles at −25 ± 10°C.

	Analyte:		Bisoprolol
	Biological matrix:		Human plasma
	Storage condition:		−25 ± 10°C
	QC1 (3 ng/mL)			QC3 (75 ng/mL)
	Comparison samples		Stability Samples	Comparison Samples		Stability Samples
	Measured	% nominal	Measured	Measured	% nominal	Measured
	Conc.		Conc.	Conc.		Conc.
	3.015	101.860	2.934	70.921	95.788	74.754
	2.879	97.276	3.239	77.073	104.097	73.574
	3.257	110.048	3.096	77.932	105.256	77.879
	2.964	100.136	3.180	70.590	95.340	83.159
	2.943	99.439	3.049	75.582	102.083	78.939
	3.152	106.480	3.063	74.865	101.115	86.426
N	6	6	6	6	6	6
Mean	3.035	102.540	3.093	74.494	100.613	79.121
SD (±)	0.142		0.107	3.092		4.921
CV(%)	4.686		3.454	4.151		6.220
% Change		1.920			6.212
	Acceptance criteria
	67% comparison samples must be 100 ± 15% nominal values
	Mean % nominal of comparison samples 100 ± 15%
	CV (%) ≤ 15%
	% Change ± 15%

3.3. The Applications of LC-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method

The assay has proven to be suitable to determine the bisoprolol concentration in the bioequivalence study of Bisoprolol 10 mg coated tablets produced by Antibiotice S.A. (referred to as test drug) versus Concor^® 10 mg coated tablets produced by Merck (referred to as reference drug). In Figure 4, average bisoprolol concentrations recorded for 22 volunteers are plotted against time for both test and reference drugs.

Figure 4.

Average bisoprolol concentrations recorded for the test and reference drugs in the bioequivalence study performed on 22 healthy volunteers.

The concentration profiles are similarly, fitting the results obtained for the in vitro dissolution test (see Figure 5).

Figure 5.

Average dissolved bisoprolol recorded for test and reference drugs recorded for the in vitro dissolution test.

Based on the determined bisoprolol concentrations, the calculated pharmacokinetic parameters demonstrated that the drug produced by Antibiotice S.A. is bioequivalent with the one produced by Merck.

4. Conclusions

LC-tandem mass spectrometry method described and validated above is sensitive, accurate, precise, rapid, and efficient. The developed method can be applied for the determination of bisoprolol from human plasma samples (e.g., for pharmacokinetic parameters).