Domiciliary occupational therapy for patients with stroke discharged from hospital: randomised controlled trial

Abstract

Objective

To establish if a brief programme of domiciliary occupational therapy could improve the recovery of patients with stroke discharged from hospital.

Design

Single blind randomised controlled trial.

Setting

Two hospital sites within a UK teaching hospital.

Subjects

138 patients with stroke with a definite plan for discharge home from hospital.

Intervention

Six week domiciliary occupational therapy or routine follow up.

Main outcome measures

Nottingham extended activities of daily living score and “global outcome” (deterioration according to the Barthel activities of daily living index, or death).

Results

By eight weeks the mean Nottingham extended activities of daily living score in the intervention group was 4.8 points (95% confidence interval −0.5 to 10.0, P=0.08) greater than that of the control group. Overall, 16 (24%) intervention patients had a poor global outcome compared with 30 (42%) control patients (odds ratio 0.43, 0.21 to 0.89, P=0.02). These patterns persisted at six months but were not statistically significant. Patients in the intervention group were more likely to report satisfaction with a range of aspects of services.

Conclusion

The functional outcome and satisfaction of patients with stroke can be improved by a brief occupational therapy programme carried out in the patient's home immediately after discharge. Major benefits may not, however, be sustained.

Introduction

Discharge home from hospital can be a critical stage in the rehabilitation of patients with stroke. The early recovery and new skills achieved in hospital may be difficult to transfer to the home environment.¹,² Poor coordination of planning of discharge, lack of access to services, psychosocial problems, and reduced quality of life are also common experiences at this time.¹,³ Home based rehabilitation has been proposed to address these needs, and recent trials indicate that interventions for occupational therapy at home are feasible and possibly effective.⁴,⁵ We therefore aimed to establish a brief outreach service for occupational therapy and to evaluate whether it could improve the recovery of patients with stroke discharged home from hospital.

Participants and methods

Study population

Patients with a clinical diagnosis of stroke (excluding subarachnoid haemorrhage) who were admitted to a Glasgow royal infirmary NHS trust were eligible if they had been referred to the occupational therapy department and if a discharge date had been set. We excluded only patients for whom the service might be inappropriate (full recovery, discharge to institutional care, terminal illness), those living outside the hospital area, and those unable to take part in the trial (severe cognitive or communication problems preventing consent, completion of outcome measures, or the agreement of simple goals for recovery).

Assignment

Eligible patients were contacted by the study therapist (LG) who obtained baseline data and informed consent. Patients were told the study would compare two types of follow up; routine services (control group) or routine services plus domiciliary occupational therapy (intervention). The therapist telephoned an independent central office where baseline data were logged before allocation. Patients were randomly allocated to either intervention by a computer generated schedule stratified by sex and attendance at a day hospital contained in sequentially numbered opaque sealed envelopes. The study was approved by the local ethics committee.

Interventions

Routine services

Routine services included inpatient multidisciplinary rehabilitation, a predischarge home visit for selected patients, the provision of support services and equipment, regular multidisciplinary review at a stroke clinic, and selected patients referred to a medical day hospital.

Intervention service

The intervention service was designed to be client centred and was developed through focus group sessions with patients, carers, and local occupational therapy staff.³ From these sessions a six week domiciliary programme was developed (comprising around 10 visits lasting 30-45 minutes) tailored to recovery goals identified by the patient such as regaining self care or domestic or leisure activities. The therapist worked with the patient to achieve these goals and also liaised with other agencies for advice, services, and equipment.

Outcomes

Baseline data were collected before randomisation, with follow up by interview after the intervention period (eight weeks) and postal outcome questionnaire at six months. The primary outcomes were the Nottingham extended activities of daily living scale and the “global outcome” of deterioration according to the Barthel activities of daily living index, or death.⁶ Secondary outcomes included the Barthel index, satisfaction with outpatient services,⁷ resource use (staff time, hospital readmission, provision of equipment and services), and measures of subjective health.³

We aimed to recruit a minimum of 128 patients to achieve an 80% power at 5% significance to detect a nine point difference in the Nottingham scores (66 point version) or a halving of the risk of poor global outcome. The outcome assessor (AA), who was blinded to treatment allocation, was based in a separate department from the research therapist.

Statistical analyses

All outcome data were coded, checked, and analysed on an intention to treat basis by an independent statistician. As there was a modest imbalance at baseline in severity of stroke a post hoc decision was made to explore the effects of adjusting the analysis for the baseline Barthel index. The total Nottingham score was well approximated by a normal distribution, and so the primary analysis was by two sample t test, supported by an analysis of covariance, adjusting for baseline Barthel index and the two stratification factors of sex and referral to a day hospital. The global outcome was analysed with logistic regression, with and without adjustment for the two stratifying factors. The distribution of the Barthel index was skewed towards the upper end of the score, but normal based methods were still used as this allowed adjustment for the baseline assessment.

Results

Around 650 patients were admitted with suspected stroke or transcient ischaemic attack during an 18 month period, of whom 523 were admitted for at least three days with functional problems; we excluded 385 patients, and we randomised 67 patients to the intervention group and 71 to the control group, representing 58% (138/237) of patients with residual stroke disability who returned to a local private address (figure).

Baseline characteristics

The intervention group tended to have more severe strokes at baseline than the control group: hemianopia, a lower Barthel index, and longer hospital stay (table 1). Three patients in the intervention group were incorrectly diagnosed with stroke (all had malignancies), and one patient in the intervention group and one in the control group were given a discharge date but never discharged. These patients remained in their allocated groups throughout this analysis.

Table 1.

Patient characteristics at randomisation. Values are numbers (percentages) unless stated otherwise

Characteristics	Intervention group (n=67)	Control group (n=71)
Patient
Age (years; interquartile range)	71 (28-89)	71 (31-89)
Male	29 (43)	31 (44)
Living alone	31 (46)	24 (34)
Rankin score before stroke:
0-2	62 (93)	66 (93)
3-4	5 (7)	5 (7)
Stroke
Laterality: right hemisphere	33 (49)	38 (53)
Hemiparesis	60 (90)	60 (84)
Hemisensory loss	19 (28)	14 (20)
Visual or spatial inattention	13 (19)	16 (22)
Hemianopia	16 (24)	7 (10)
Dysphasia	22 (33)	16 (22)
Brain stem or cerebellar signs	9 (13)	4 (6)
Cognitive impairment	13 (20)	19 (27)
Anxiety	14 (21)	17 (24)
Depression	5 (7)	5 (7)
Other
Median duration (days) since symptom onset (interquartile range)	31 (17-57)	23 (13-66)
Median Barthel index score (interquartile range)	17 (15-18)	18 (16-19)
Referral to medical day hospital	16 (24)	21 (30)

Functional outcomes

The unadjusted analysis at eight weeks (table 2) showed that the intervention group had a mean Nottingham score 4.8 points higher than that of the control group (95% confidence interval −0.5 to 10.0, P=0.08). In the corresponding adjusted analysis the mean difference was 5.7 points (1.2 to 10.3, P=0.02). Significantly fewer patients in the intervention group experienced a poor global outcome (odds ratio 0.43, 0.21 to 0.89, P=0.02). A similar pattern was seen with the Barthel index scores (table 2).

Table 2.

Main functional outcome data. Values are medians (interquartile ranges) unless stated otherwise

Outcome	Descriptive statistics			Unadjusted analysis
	Intervention (n=67)	Control (n=71)		Difference (95% CI)	P value
8 weeks
No of deaths	2	1		—	—
No unable to complete all assessments	1	1		—	—
Nottingham extended activities of daily living score:
Mobility	7 (4-12)	6 (2-10)		1 (−0.3 to 3.1)	0.11
Domestic	15 (9-23)	11 (4-20)		4 (0.0 to 5.7)	0.05
Leisure	7 (3-9)	6 (3-9)		1 (−0.8 to 1.8)	0.44
Total*	27 (19-43)	23 (11-35)		4 (−0.5 to 10.0)	0.08
Barthel activities of daily living index	18 (16-20)	17 (14-19)		1 (0.0 to 2.3)	0.06
Change in Barthel index score since randomisation	1 (0-2)	0 (−3-1)		1 (0.7 to 2.7)	0.001
Global outcome:
No (%) with improved activities of daily living	38 (57)	25 (35)		—	0.03
No (%) with no change	13 (19)	16 (24)		—	—
No (%) with worse activities of daily living or who had died	16 (24)	30 (42)		—	—
Odds of a poor global outcome*	—	—		0.43 (0.21 to 0.89)	0.02
6 months
No of deaths	6	5		—	—
No unable to complete all assessments	1	3		—	—
Nottingham extended activities of daily living score:
Mobility	8 (4-12)	6 (3-11)		2 (−1.0 to 2.5)	0.38
Domestic	14 (6-21)	12 (5-19)		2 (−1.7 to 4.5)	0.36
Leisure	6 (3-10)	6 (3-9)		0 (−1.6 to 1.3)	0.82
Total*	28 (15-38)	21 (14-38)		7 (−3.6 to 7.8)	0.48
Barthel activities of daily living index	17 (15-19)	17 (13-18)		0 (−0.6 to 2.4)	0.25
Change in Barthel index since randomisation	0 (−2-2)	−1 (−3-0)		−1 (0.1 to 2.9)	0.04
Global outcome:
No (%) with improved activities of daily living	27 (42)	15 (22)		—	0.04
No (%) with no change	6 (9)	11 (16)		—	—
No (%) with worse activities of daily living or who had died	32 (49)	42 (62)		—	—
Odds of a poor global outcome*	—	—		0.60 (0.30 to 1.20)	0.15

^*Primary outcomes. 

At six months the results for primary outcomes were no longer statistically significant (table 2). More patients in the intervention than control group were, however, likely to have improved and the change in Barthel index scores in these patients was significantly better than in the controls.

Patient satisfaction

Overall, 44 patients in the intervention group and 43 in the control group returned a questionnaire about satisfaction with service delivery at home.⁷ Patients in the intervention group were more likely to report satisfaction across all 12 questions (summary odds ratio for agreement with statements 1.8, 1.4 to 2.4). In particular they were significantly more likely to agree that “things were well prepared for returning home” and that they “knew who to contact with problems relating to my stroke.”

Resource use

The groups were evenly matched at the six months' follow up for place of residence, readmissions to hospital, additional services and equipment provided, and costs incurred by patients and carers.³ Staff costs (including travel) accounted for 85%-90% of all expenditure. We estimate that one whole time therapist could manage 80-90 patients per year at a cost of about £300-£320 per patient and prevent 10 poor outcomes (deterioration in function) after discharge home—that is, costing about £2500 per poor outcome avoided.

Unblinding

The outcome assessor was asked to guess the allocation of the last 46 patients followed up, and she guessed correctly in 32 cases (69%, 56% to 83%). The commonest reason was knowing whether the patient had attempted an activities of daily living activity (in particular bathing), which should have been addressed in the occupational therapy programme.

Discussion

Methodological issues

Our trial shows that patients with stroke who have received multidisciplinary rehabilitation in hospital incorporating discharge planning and multidisciplinary follow up can still benefit from a short outreach programme for occupational therapy. The initial statistically significant benefits were diminished at the six month follow up, which could reflect the method of follow up (postal versus interview) or a transient effect of the rehabilitation input. It is possible that the early benefits were maintained at six months as the wide confidence intervals do not exclude this possibility. We have tried to ensure a rigorous but pragmatic evaluation of a new service using a rigorous randomisation procedure and independent intention to treat analysis. We do, however, acknowledge the difficulty in blinding rehabilitation trials. Unblinding of the outcome assessor may not have biased recording of outcomes since the main reason she guessed treatment allocation was differences in components of the outcome measures. The final (six month) outcomes were reported by postal questionnaire and so were not prone to observer unblinding. Patients' responses may have been influenced by their knowledge of their allocated group,⁷ but it is difficult to exclude this possibility in a pragmatic trial with informed consent.

Comparison with other studies

The main weakness of our study is its comparatively small size, which meant it was prone to baseline differences between patient groups and had limited power to detect a modest effect on functional outcomes. Our power calculations were based on previous studies, which in comparison with our trial provided a comparatively prolonged therapy input to the intervention group and little input to controls.²,⁴,⁵ We were therefore probably trying to detect smaller differences between intervention and control patients than was originally anticipated. Interestingly, a recent trial showing a positive impact of domiciliary occupational therapy also had a control group that received minimal input.⁸ The apparently transient benefit of our intervention has been observed previously and used to justify a more prolonged therapy input.⁴,⁵ Reducing the longer term impact of stroke remains a major challenge.⁹

What is already known on this topic

Patients with stroke returning home from hospital often encounter unanticipated disability and difficulties in adapting to the home environment

No intervention has been shown to alleviate these problems

What this study adds

A brief programme of domiciliary occupational therapy can enhance recovery and reduce the risk of deterioration in patients with stroke returning home

Rehabilitation should be extended beyond discharge from hospital

Implications

Our results lend support to the principle of extending routine stroke rehabilitation from the inpatient period to postdischarge period. Our resource analysis shows that the service costs are significant but that one therapist could manage 80-100 patients per year and prevent about 10 deteriorating in function after discharge home. We did not attempt to reduce hospital stay, but two recent British trials of early hospital discharge with a domiciliary multidisciplinary rehabilitation have shown a shortening of the period of inpatient care with no apparent adverse effect on patient outcomes.¹⁰,¹¹ If confirmed, this potentially offers a way of improving postdischarge rehabilitation without incurring major additional service costs.

Figure.

Trial profile