Abstract
Decision fiascoes such as escalation of commitment, the tendency of decision makers to “throw good money after bad,” can have serious consequences for organizations and are therefore of great interest in applied research. This paper discusses the use of behavior analysis in organizational behavior research on escalation. Among the most significant aspects of behavior-analytic research on escalation is that it has indicated that both the patterns of outcomes that decision makers have experienced for past decisions and the patterns of responses that they make are critical for understanding escalation. This research has also stimulated the refinement of methods by researchers to better assess decision making and the role reinforcement plays in it. Finally, behavior-analytic escalation research has not only indicated the utility of reinforcement principles for predicting more complex human behavior but has also suggested some additional areas for future exploration of decision making using behavior analysis.
Keywords: applied behavior analysis, organizational behavior, decision making, escalation, persistence, reinforcement, variability
Full text
PDF















Selected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- Bragger JD, Bragger D, Hantula DA, Kirnan J. Hyteresis and Uncertainty: The Effect of Uncertainty on Delays to Exit Decisions. Organ Behav Hum Decis Process. 1998 Jun;74(3):229–253. doi: 10.1006/obhd.1998.2779. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Capaldi E. J. Partial reinforcement: a hypothesis of sequential effects. Psychol Rev. 1966 Sep;73(5):459–477. doi: 10.1037/h0023684. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Capaldi E. J. The organization of behavior. J Appl Behav Anal. 1992 Fall;25(3):575–577. doi: 10.1901/jaba.1992.25-575. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Case D. A., Ploog B. O., Fantino E. Observing behavior in a computer game. J Exp Anal Behav. 1990 Nov;54(3):185–199. doi: 10.1901/jeab.1990.54-185. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Fantino E., Case D. A. Human observing: Maintained by stimuli correlated with reinforcement but not extinction. J Exp Anal Behav. 1983 Sep;40(2):193–210. doi: 10.1901/jeab.1983.40-193. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Fantino E. Judgment and decision making: Behavioral approaches. Behav Anal. 1998 Fall;21(2):203–218. doi: 10.1007/BF03391964. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Fantino E. Preference for mixed- versus fixed-ratio schedules. J Exp Anal Behav. 1967 Jan;10(1):35–43. doi: 10.1901/jeab.1967.10-35. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Goltz S. M. A sequential learning analysis of decisions in organizations to escalate investments despite continuing costs or losses. J Appl Behav Anal. 1992 Fall;25(3):561–574. doi: 10.1901/jaba.1992.25-561. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- HERRNSTEIN R. J. APERIODICITY AS A FACTOR IN CHOICE. J Exp Anal Behav. 1964 Mar;7:179–182. doi: 10.1901/jeab.1964.7-179. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hantula D. A. Behavioral contrast in a two-option analogue task of financial decision making. J Appl Behav Anal. 1994 Winter;27(4):607–617. doi: 10.1901/jaba.1994.27-607. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hantula D. A. Disciplined decision making in an interdisciplinary environment: some implications for clinical applications of statistical process control. J Appl Behav Anal. 1995 Fall;28(3):371–377. doi: 10.1901/jaba.1995.28-371. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hantula D. A. The basic importance of escalation. J Appl Behav Anal. 1992 Fall;25(3):579–583. doi: 10.1901/jaba.1992.25-579. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hardin G. The tragedy of the commons. The population problem has no technical solution; it requires a fundamental extension in morality. Science. 1968 Dec 13;162(3859):1243–1248. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Herrnstein R. J. On the law of effect. J Exp Anal Behav. 1970 Mar;13(2):243–266. doi: 10.1901/jeab.1970.13-243. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Madden G. J., Chase P. N., Joyce J. H. Making sense of sensitivity in the human operant literature. Behav Anal. 1998 Spring;21(1):1–12. doi: 10.1007/BF03392775. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Mellon R. C., Shull R. L. Resistance to change produced by access to fixed-delay versus variable-delay terminal links. J Exp Anal Behav. 1986 Jul;46(1):79–92. doi: 10.1901/jeab.1986.46-79. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- O'flaherty B. Going beyond with Bayesian updating. J Appl Behav Anal. 1992 Fall;25(3):585–597. doi: 10.1901/jaba.1992.25-585. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- doi: 10.1901/jeab.1995.64-111. [DOI] [PMC free article] [Google Scholar]
- Rider D. P. Preference for mixed versus constant delays of reinforcement: Effect of probability of the short, mixed delay. J Exp Anal Behav. 1983 Mar;39(2):257–266. doi: 10.1901/jeab.1983.39-257. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Staw B. M., Ross J. Understanding behavior in escalation situations. Science. 1989 Oct 13;246(4927):216–220. doi: 10.1126/science.246.4927.216. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Stolarz-Fantino S., Fantino E. Cognition and behavior analysis: a review of Rachlin's judgment, decision, and choice. J Exp Anal Behav. 1990 Nov;54(3):317–322. doi: 10.1901/jeab.1990.54-317. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Takahashi M., Iwamoto T. Human concurrent performances: The effects of experience, instructions, and schedule-correlated stimuli. J Exp Anal Behav. 1986 May;45(3):257–267. doi: 10.1901/jeab.1986.45-257. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Young J. S. Discrete-trial choice in pigeons: Effects of reinforcer magnitude. J Exp Anal Behav. 1981 Jan;35(1):23–29. doi: 10.1901/jeab.1981.35-23. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
