Skip to main content
Journal of Clinical Microbiology logoLink to Journal of Clinical Microbiology
. 1980 Sep;12(3):355–360. doi: 10.1128/jcm.12.3.355-360.1980

Analysis of three variables in sampling solutions used to assay bacteria of hands: type of solution, use of antiseptic neutralizers, and solution temperature.

E L Larson, M S Strom, C A Evans
PMCID: PMC273590  PMID: 7012171

Abstract

Tests were performed using the sterile bag technique to determine the effects of type of sampling solution, use of antiseptic neutralizers, and solution temperature on the detection and quantitation of bacteria on hands. Using paired hand cultures, three sampling solutions were compared: quarter-strength Ringer solution, a phosphate buffer containing Triton X-100, and the same buffer containing antiseptic neutralizers. The phosphate buffer containing Triton X-100 was significantly better than quarter-strength Ringer solution in mean bacterial yield; the neutralizer-containing sampling solution was slightly better than Triton X-100-containing solution, although differences were not significant at the P = 0.05 level. Temperature (6 or 23 degrees C) of the sampling solution showed no consistent effect on bacterial yield from hands tested with the fluid containing neutralizers.

Full text

PDF
355

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Aly R., Maibach H. I. Effect of antimicrobial soap containing chlorhexidine on the microbial flora of skin. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1976 Jun;31(6):931–935. doi: 10.1128/aem.31.6.931-935.1976. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Ayliffe G. A., Babb J. R., Quoraishi A. H. A test for 'hygienic' hand disinfection. J Clin Pathol. 1978 Oct;31(10):923–928. doi: 10.1136/jcp.31.10.923. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Ayliffe G. A., Bridges K., Lilly H. A., Lowbury E. J., Varney J., Wilkins M. D. Comparison of two methods for assessing the removal of total organisms and pathogens from the skin. J Hyg (Lond) 1975 Oct;75(2):259–274. doi: 10.1017/s002217240004729x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Berman R. E., Knight R. A. Evaluation of hand antisepsis. Arch Environ Health. 1969 May;18(5):781–783. doi: 10.1080/00039896.1969.10665487. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Casewell M., Phillips I. Hands as route of transmission for Klebsiella species. Br Med J. 1977 Nov 19;2(6098):1315–1317. doi: 10.1136/bmj.2.6098.1315. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. ERLANDSON A. L., Jr, LAWRENCE C. A. Inactivating medium for hexachlorophene (G11) types of compounds and some substituted phenolic disinfectants. Science. 1953 Sep 4;118(3062):274–276. doi: 10.1126/science.118.3062.274. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Evans C. A., Stevens R. J. Differential quantitation of surface and subsurface bacteria of normal skin by the combined use of the cotton swab and the scrub methods. J Clin Microbiol. 1976 Jun;3(6):576–581. doi: 10.1128/jcm.3.6.576-581.1976. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Gale D., Broderick E. G., Lamb B. J., Topper R. Re-evaluation of Scrub Technic for Preoperative Disinfection of the Surgeon's Hands. Ann Surg. 1962 Jan;155(1):107–118. doi: 10.1097/00000658-196201000-00013. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Knittle M. A., Eitzman D. V., Baer H. Role of hand contamination of personnel in the epidemiology of gram-negative nosocomial infections. J Pediatr. 1975 Mar;86(3):433–437. doi: 10.1016/s0022-3476(75)80980-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Kominos S. D., Copeland C. E., Grosiak B. Mode of transmission of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a burn unit and an intensive care unit in a general hospital. Appl Microbiol. 1972 Feb;23(2):309–312. doi: 10.1128/am.23.2.309-312.1972. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. LOWBURY E. J., LILLY H. A. Disinfection of the hands of surgeons and nurses. Br Med J. 1960 May 14;1(5184):1445–1450. doi: 10.1136/bmj.1.5184.1445. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Michaud R. N., McGrath M. B., Goss W. A. Improved experimental model for measuring skin degerming activity on the human hand. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1972 Jul;2(1):8–15. doi: 10.1128/aac.2.1.8. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Ojajärvi J., Mäkelä P., Rantasalo I. Failure of hand disinfection with frequent hand washing: a need for prolonged field studies. J Hyg (Lond) 1977 Aug;79(1):107–119. doi: 10.1017/s0022172400052906. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Petersen N. J., Collins D. E., Marshall J. H. Evaluation of skin cleansing procedures using the wipe-rinse technique. Health Lab Sci. 1974 Jul;11(3):182–187. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. QUINN H., VOSS J. G., WHITEHOUSE H. S. A method for the in vivo evaluation of skin sanitizing soaps. Appl Microbiol. 1954 Jul;2(4):202–204. doi: 10.1128/am.2.4.202-204.1954. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Shaw C. M., Smith J. A., McBride M. E., Duncan W. C. An evaluation of techniques for sampling skin flora. J Invest Dermatol. 1970 Feb;54(2):160–163. doi: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12257936. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Somerville D. A., Noble W. C. Microcolony size of microbes on human skin. J Med Microbiol. 1973 Aug;6(3):323–328. doi: 10.1099/00222615-6-3-323. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Williamson P., Kligman A. M. A new method for the quantitative investigation of cutaneous bacteria. J Invest Dermatol. 1965 Dec;45(6):498–503. doi: 10.1038/jid.1965.164. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Journal of Clinical Microbiology are provided here courtesy of American Society for Microbiology (ASM)

RESOURCES