Abstract
AIM: To investigate gene variants in a large Italian inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) cohort, and to analyze the correlation of sub-phenotypes (including age at diagnosis) and epistatic interaction with other IBD genes.
METHODS: Total of 763 patients with Crohn’s disease (CD, 189 diagnosed at age < 19 years), 843 with ulcerative colitis (UC, 179 diagnosed < 19 years), 749 healthy controls, and 546 healthy parents (273 trios) were included in the study. The rs2241880 [autophagy-related 16-like 1 (ATG16L1)], rs11209026 and rs7517847 [interleukin 23 receptor (IL23R)], rs2066844, rs2066845, rs2066847 (CARD15), rs1050152 (OCTN1), and rs2631367 (OCTN2) gene variants were genotyped.
RESULTS: The frequency of G allele of ATG16L1 SNP (Ala197Thr) was increased in patients with CD compared with controls (59% vs 54% respectively) (OR = 1.25, CI = 1.08-1.45, P = 0.003), but not in UC (55%). The frequency of A and G (minor) alleles of Arg381Gln, rs11209026 and rs7517847 variants of IL23R were reduced significantly in CD (4%, OR = 0.62, CI = 0.45-0.87, P = 0.005; 28%, OR = 0.64, CI = 0.55-0.75, P < 0.01), compared with controls (6% and 38%, respectively). The A allele (but not G) was also reduced significantly in UC (4%, OR = 0.69, CI = 0.5-0.94, P = 0.019). No association was demonstrated with sub-phenotypes and interaction with CARD15, and OCTN1/2 genes, although both gene variants were associated with pediatric-onset disease.
CONCLUSION: The present study confirms the association of IL23R polymorphisms with IBD, and ATG16L1 with CD, in both adult- and pediatric-onset subsets in our study population.
Keywords: Inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn’s disease, Ulcerative colitis, Genetic predisposition, Autophagy-related 16-like 1, Interleukin 23 receptor, Genome-wide association study, Pediatric inflammatory bowel disease
INTRODUCTION
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a polygenic trait that includes two similar, yet distinct conditions, namely Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC)[1]. It is widely accepted that both diseases result from an inappropriate response of a defective mucosal immune system to indigenous flora and other luminal agents in a genetically susceptible host[2].
Eleven IBD genome-wide linkage analyses in families with multiple IBD affected members, as well as two different meta-analyses[3,4] have identified several linkage regions[5]. Following the identification of NOD2 (or CARD15), the first gene contributing to CD susceptibility (IBD1 locus), further fine mapping studies have identified a risk haplotype (IBD5 locus) on chromosome 5q[6], along with two polymorphisms in the solute carrier family 22A4/22A5 (SLC22A4/A5) coding for OCTN1 and OCTN2, suggested as candidate genes[7], and another polymorphism on the disk large homolog 5 (DLG5) gene[8]. However, these risk-associated variants and several others reported[9–13] with conflicting results, explain only a minor component of the genetic risk in IBD.
Whole genome association (GWA) studies in IBD have rapidly led to the identification of novel susceptibility loci associated with CD[14], such as interleukin-23 receptor (IL23R) and autophagy-related 16-like 1 gene (ATG16L1). An uncommon coding mutation (rs11209026) in the IL23R gene[15] on chromosome 1 (1p32.1-p31-2), a G-to-A transition at nucleotide 1142 (Arg381Gln), has been identified to confer strong protection against CD in case-control (P = 5.05 × 10-9) and family-based studies of Caucasian and Jewish cohorts with ileal CD. Further, GWA[16–19] and replication studies[1,2] have consistently confirmed strong association between variations at IL23R and CD. The intronic rs7517847 SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) gave the most significant signal (P = 3.36 × 10-13)[15]. The association of this variant appeared statistically independent from Arg381Gln and not in linkage disequilibrium (r2 = 0.03)[15]. A large number of replications in adult-[20–24] and pediatric-onset[25–29] cohorts have been reported, but no significant association with specific CD sub-phenotype has been identified. Moreover, an association with UC has also been observed[23,24,28,30,31].
In a recent German GWA scan[32], the non-synonymous rs2241880 (Ala197Thr) variant of ATG16L1 on chromosome 2p37.1 was found to be associated with CD, and appeared to account for all of the disease risk conferred by this locus. This association has been consistently demonstrated in a number of independent studies in adult[24,33–36] but with conflicting data in pediatric[34,37,38] IBD cohorts.
The aims of the present study were to investigate the association between variants of two candidate genes IL23R and ATG16L1 and IBD in an Italian cohort. In addition, we examined the genotype-phenotype correlation with specific disease subtypes, including the early onset of disease, and the possible genetic interactions with OCTN1/2, and CARD15 genes.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials
The study population included 763 CD and 843 UC unrelated patients recruited from four referral centers for adult IBD: the “Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza” Hospital of San Giovanni Rotondo, and the University Hospitals of Padua, Naples and Milan. In addition, 368 patients with pediatric onset of disease (age at diagnosis < 19 years) were included in the study because of a multi-center effort of the Italian Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (SIGENP). This study cohort has been reported elsewhere[39]. Two hundred and seventy-three IBD patients also had both parents available for the purpose of a family-based analysis. The 749 healthy controls (415 male, mean age 43 ± 11 years, range 22-75) were randomly recruited from three sites: San Giovanni Rotondo (Southern Italy, n = 451), Rome (Central Italy, n = 114) and Milano (Northern Italy, n = 184), in order to minimize potential geographic heterogeneity. These subjects comprised of unrelated, asymptomatic individuals (blood donors, students, and staff members), all Caucasians with no Jewish descent. The study protocol was approved by the local Ethics Committees, and a written informed consent was obtained from each subject (or parents).
Demographic and sub-phenotype data of IBD patients are presented on Table 1. The diagnosis of CD and UC was established according to accepted clinical, endoscopic, radiological, and histological criteria[1]. The Montreal[40] classification was used for CD, based on the age at diagnosis (A), location (L), and disease behavior (B). In patients with UC, the disease location was categorized according to the Montreal classification, by distinguishing ulcerative proctitis (E1), left-side colitis (E2), and extensive colitis (E3). Patients with indeterminate colitis were excluded from the study. In all patients, the following clinical features were recorded: family history, age at diagnosis, duration of follow-up, presence of perianal fistulae, extraintestinal manifestations (presence or absence of any extraintestinal manifestation), previous abdominal surgery (either colectomy in UC or bowel resection in CD), and smoking habit (at least 1 cigarette/d). To account for the known modification of clinical characteristics during the disease course, only patients with at least two years of follow-up from the time of a confirmed diagnosis were included in the genotype/phenotype analysis.
Table 1.
Demographic and clinical features of CD and UC according to the Montreal classification[39]
| CD (n = 763) | UC (n = 843) | |
| Sex (M/F) | 435/328 | 492/351 |
| Duration of follow-up, mean ± SD (range) | 8 ± 7 (1-37) | 9 ± 7 (1-41) |
| Age at diagnosis (yr), mean ± SD (range) | 29 ± 15 (1-79) | 32 ± 16 (1-76) |
| ≤ 16 (A1) | 173 (22%) | 155 (18%) |
| 17-40 (A2) | 431 (57%) | 458 (55%) |
| > 40 (A3) | 159 (21%) | 230 (27%) |
| Disease localization CD, n (%) | ||
| Ileum (L1 ± L4) | 241 (31%) | |
| Colon (L2 ± L4) | 200 (26%) | |
| Ileo-colon (L3 ± L4) | 315 (41%) | |
| Upper GI (L4) | 7 (2%) | |
| Disease extent UC, n (%) | ||
| Rectum (E1) | 102 (13%) | |
| Left colon (E2) | 416 (49%) | |
| Pancolitis (E3) | 325 (38%) | |
| Disease behavior CD, n (%) | ||
| Inflammatory (B1 ± p) | 346 (46%) | |
| Stricturing (B2 ± p) | 177 (23%) | |
| Penetrating (B3 ± p) | 240 (31%) | |
| Perianal disease y/n (%) | 137/626 (18%) | 17/826 (2%) |
| Smoking history | ||
| Yes | 242 (33%) | 119 (15%) |
| No | 423 (55%) | 510 (60%) |
| Ex | 98 (12%) | 214 (25%) |
| Family history of IBD y/n (%) | 74/689 (10%) | 53/790 (6%) |
| Surgery y/n, n (%) | 237/526 (31%) | 95/748 (13%) |
| Extra-intestinal manifestations y/n (%) | 304/459 (40%) | 182/661 (21%) |
Methods
Genotyping of rs11209026 (IL23R), rs7517847 (IL23R), rs2241880 (ATG16L1), rs10150152 (OCTN1) and rs2631367 (OCTN2)[41] SNPs was performed using Applied Biosystems 7700 TaqMan assay (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA). The CARD15 variants were detected by means of Denaturing High Performance Liquid Chromatography (DHPLC)(Wave System, Transgenomic Ltd, UK)(R702W, L1007fsinsC) and RFLP (G908R), respectively, as described previously[39]. PCR reactions were carried out in 96-well plates on ABI 9700 Thermocyclers (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA). All samples were genotyped at the Molecular Laboratory of Gastroenterology Unit in San Giovanni Rotondo Hospital, Italy.
For the purpose of statistical analysis, after genotyping the markers, the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was tested by comparing the expected and observed genotypes in 2 × 3 χ2 tables. All markers showed no deviation from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in controls (P > 0.05). Allele-genotype frequencies and genotype/phenotype association were analysed by χ2 and Fisher exact tests, when appropriate, by the SPSS software ver 1.5. The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and marker linkage disequilibrium analysis were also performed by the Arlequin software ver 2.0. Pairwise SNP linkage disequilibrium (LD) coefficients, haplotype frequencies, and Transmission Disequilibrium Test (TDT) were estimated using Haploview[42]. Logistic regression analysis was used to assess the conditional independence between genotypes and IBD phenotypes and to test for gene-gene interactions. The frequencies and odds ratios of individual CARD15 genotypes were stratified by ATG16L1 (rs2241880) and IL23R (rs1209026); and IL23R genotypes were stratified by ATG16L1 genotypes. An interaction was considered significant at P < 0.05.
RESULTS
Patients and controls
A total of 2901 subjects were investigated. These comprised of 763 patients with CD (435 males and 328 females), with a mean age at diagnosis of 29 years (range 1-79), and 843 patients with UC (492 males, 351 female), with a mean age at diagnosis of 32 years (range 1-76 years). In addition, 749 healthy controls and 546 healthy parents were also evaluated. Of note, 368 patients (180 male) were diagnosed at the age of 18 years or less.
Genotyping of ATG16L1 variant in IBD patients
The evaluation of the T300A polymorphism (rs2241880) was available in 667 CD and 668 UC patients: the frequency of the G allele was increased in CD patients compared with controls (59% vs 54%) (P = 0.003, OR = 1.25, CI = 1.08-1.45) (Table 2). Accordingly, by comparing genotype frequencies (Table 2), a significant increase in carriers of G risk allele was found in CD patients compared to controls (84% vs 79%) (P = 0.008, OR = 1.44, CI = 1.10-1.89). After stratifying the CD cohorts on the basis of age at diagnosis (adult ≥ 19 years; pediatric < 19 years), the allele/genotype difference remained significant only in the adult subgroup (P = 0.004), perhaps due to the small sample size of the pediatric subgroup, although the frequencies were similar.
Table 2.
Genotypes and alleles distribution for ATG16L1 and IL23R SNPS in CD, UC and controls
|
Genotypes |
Alleles |
|||||||||
| AA | Aa | aa | Total | P | OR (95% CI) | Freq | P | OR (95% CI) | ||
| ATG16L1 | ||||||||||
| rs2241880 | (AA Aa vs aa) | G | ||||||||
| CD Total | 227 (34%) | 335 (50%) | 105 (16%) | 667 | 0.008 | 1.44 (1.10-1.89) | 0.59 | 0.003 | 1.25 (1.08-1.45) | |
| CD adult | 165 (34%) | 254 (52%) | 72 (15%) | 491 | 0.004 | 1.57 (1.16-2.13) | 0.59 | 0.004 | 1.27 (1.08-1.49) | |
| CD pediatric | 62 (35%) | 81 (46%) | 33 (19%) | 176 | 0.466 | 1.17 (0.77-1.77) | 0.58 | 0.122 | 1.20 (0.95-1.52) | |
| UC Total | 212 (32%) | 315 (47%) | 141 (21%) | 668 | 0.956 | 1.01 (0.78-1.30) | 0.55 | 0.381 | 1.07 (0.92-1.24) | |
| UC adult | 157 (31%) | 244 (48%) | 105 (21%) | 506 | 0.839 | 1.03 (0.78-1.36) | 0.55 | 0.469 | 1.06 (0.90-1.25) | |
| UC pediatric | 55 (34%) | 71 (44%) | 36 (22%) | 162 | 0.779 | 0.94 (0.63-1.42) | 0.56 | 0.473 | 1.09 (0.86-1.39) | |
| Controls | 214 (29%) | 376 (50%) | 159 (21%) | 749 | - | 0.54 | ||||
| IL23R | ||||||||||
| rs7517847 | (Aa aa vs AA) | G | ||||||||
| CD Total | 366 (51%) | 305 (42%) | 52 (7%) | 723 | < 0.01 | 0.63 (0.51-0.77) | 0.28 | < 0.01 | 0.64 (0.55-0.75) | |
| CD adult | 273 (51%) | 225 (42%) | 42 (8%) | 540 | < 0.01 | 0.63 (0.50-0.79) | 0.29 | < 0.01 | 0.65 (0.55-0.78) | |
| CD pediatric | 93 (51%) | 80 (44%) | 10 (5%) | 183 | < 0.01 | 0.62 (0.45-0.86) | 0.27 | < 0.01 | 0.61 (0.48-0.79) | |
| UC Total | 326 (41%) | 390 (49%) | 88 (11%) | 804 | 0.567 | 0.94 (0.77-1.16) | 0.35 | 0.111 | 0.89 (0.76-1.03) | |
| UC adult | 259 (41%) | 301 (48%) | 71 (11%) | 631 | 0.468 | 0.92 (0.74-1.15) | 0.35 | 0.121 | 0.88 (0.75-1.03) | |
| UC pediatric | 67 (39%) | 89 (51%) | 17 (10%) | 173 | 0.927 | 1.02 (0.72-1.43) | 0.36 | 0.400 | 0.90 (0.70-1.15) | |
| Controls | 280 (39%) | 328 (46%) | 108 (15%) | 716 | - | 0.38 | ||||
| rs11209026 | A | |||||||||
| CD Total | 675 (92%) | 60 (8%) | 0 (0%) | 735 | 0.005 | 0.61 (0.43-0.86) | 0.04 | 0.005 | 0.62 (0.45-0.87) | |
| CD adult | 502 (91%) | 50 (9%) | 0 (0%) | 552 | 0.042 | 0.69 (0.48-0.99) | 0.05 | 0.041 | 0.69 (0.49-0.99) | |
| CD pediatric | 173 (95%) | 10 (5%) | 0 (0%) | 183 | 0.006 | 0.40 (0.20-0.78) | 0.03 | 0.007 | 0.41 (0.21-0.80) | |
| UC Total | 750 (91%) | 72 (9%) | 1 (0%) | 823 | 0.015 | 0.67 (0.48 - 0.93) | 0.04 | 0.019 | 0.69 (0.50-0.94) | |
| UC adult | 589 (91%) | 58 (9%) | 1(0%) | 648 | 0.035 | 0.69 (0.49-0.98) | 0.05 | 0.043 | 0.71 (0.51-0.99) | |
| UC pediatric | 161 (92%) | 14 (8%) | 0 (0%) | 175 | 0.085 | 0.60 (0.33-1.08) | 0.04 | 0.087 | 0.61 (0.34-1.08) | |
| Controls | 634 (87%) | 91 (13%) | 1 (0%) | 726 | - | 0.06 | ||||
“A” refers to wild type and “a” to mutated allele. Adult and pediatric subgroups are divided on the basis of the age at diagnosis (≥ 19 years and < 19 years, respectively).
There was no significant difference in the allele and genotype frequencies between UC patients and controls for the groups as a whole and after stratifying on the basis of pediatric and adult age at diagnosis.
Genotyping of IL23R variants in IBD patients
A total of 723 CD, 804 UC, and 716 controls were genotyped for the rs7517847 polymorphism. The minor allele (G) frequency was significantly reduced (28%) in CD cases compared with controls (38%) (P < 0.01, OR = 0.64, CI = 0.55-0.75), with a significant reduction in carriers (49% vs 61% in controls) (P < 0.01, OR = 0.63, CI = 0.51-0.77) (Table 2). These differences remained significant after stratification of the patients on the basis of age at diagnosis. In contrast, no significant difference in allele and genotype frequencies was found in UC patients (Table 2).
A total of 735 CD and 823 UC patients, and 726 healthy controls were genotyped for rs11209026 polymorphism. The minor allele frequency (A) in CD patients was 4%, compared with 6% in controls, yielding a protective OR of 0.62 (CI = 0.45-0.87; P = 0.005) (Table 2). Compared with controls (87%), the frequency of the risk genotype was significantly increased in CD patients (92%) (P = 0.005, OR = 0.61, CI = 0.43-0.86). These differences resulted in similar statistical significance after stratifying CD patients on the basis of age at diagnosis.
In addition, a high significant association was also found in UC patients, with a similar MAF frequency (4%) leading to a protective OR of 0.69 (CI = 0.50-0.94; P = 0.019). Accordingly, the frequency of GG genotype was also significantly increased in UC patients (91%, P = 0.015) (Table 2). These statistical differences remained after stratifying the cohort on the basis of age at diagnosis.
Haplotype association analysis of two IL23R variants, rs7517847 and rs11209026, was also estimated (Table 3). An increase in TG haplotype frequency was observed in IBD (68%, P = 0.0032) and CD patients (71%, P ≤ 0.01), compared with controls (62%).
Table 3.
Haplotypes frequency of he two IL23R variants in IBD patients and controls
|
Haplotype |
IBD |
CD |
UC |
||||
| rs7517847 | rs11209026 | Cases/Controls (% Haplotype) | P | Cases/Controls (% Haplotype) | P | Cases/Controls (% Haplotype) | P |
| T | G | 68/62 | 0.0032 | 71/62 | < 0.01 | 65/62 | 0.2166 |
| G | G | 28/32 | 0.0548 | 25/32 | < 0.01 | 31/32 | 0.7398 |
| G | A | 4/6 | 0.0121 | 4/6 | 0.0088 | 4/6 | 0.0578 |
Family-based analysis
Given the lack of a significant association of allele/genotype frequencies of the ATG16L1 gene in the pediatric subset, and the availability of 273 pediatric IBD Trios (138 CD, and 135 UC), the T300A polymorphism was tested by transmission disequilibrium test; a significant over-transmission of the G allele was found in CD patients (T:U = 90:62; P = 0.023), but not in UC (Table 4). With respect to IL23R, a significant over-transmission of the T allele of rs7517847 (T:U = 137:101), and the G allele of rs11209026 (T:U = 34:19) SNPs was observed in the whole IBD cohort (P = 0.0196, P = 0.0394; respectively), and more specifically in CD patients (P = 0.0015, P = 0.0833, respectively). However, the results in the UC subset did not reach statistical significance. An association between the rs7517847-rs11209026 (TG) haplotype and IBD, CD, and UC was also tested using the TDT. Consistent evidence of over-transmission of this haplotype in the whole IBD cohorts (T:U = 141:100, P = 0.0084) was maintained (Table 4).
Table 4.
Transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) for rs7517847 and rs11209026 IL23R SNPs for IBD, CD, and UC
| Marker | Over-trans | Haplotype |
IBD (n = 273) |
CD (n = 138) |
UC (n = 135) |
||||||
| T | U | P | T | U | P | T | U | P | |||
| rs7517847 | T | 137 | 101 | 0.0196 | 74 | 40 | 0.0015 | 63 | 61 | 0.8575 | |
| rs11209026 | G | 34 | 19 | 0.0394 | 18 | 9 | 0.0833 | 16 | 10 | 0.2393 | |
| TG | 141 | 100 | 0.0084 | 52 | 60 | 0.0012 | 45 | 34 | 0.5947 | ||
| GG | 97 | 123 | 0.0790 | 50 | 39 | 0.0098 | 28 | 28 | 0.9940 | ||
| GA | 14 | 24 | 0.1088 | 12 | 20 | 0.0585 | 9 | 13 | 0.6555 | ||
| TA | 5 | 10 | 0.1831 | 13 | 8 | 0.7037 | - | - | - | ||
| rs2241880 | G | - | - | - | 90 | 62 | 0.0231 | - | - | - | |
TDT haplotypes are also included. Data of over-transmitted allele are given, with counts of transmitted (T) and un-transmitted (U) alleles.
Genotype/phenotype correlation
Analysis of the allele and genotype frequencies of the rs2241880 SNP of the ATG16L1 gene, showed no association with disease location, behaviour, and age at diagnosis based on the Montreal classification of CD cases (Table 5). More specifically, we observed the lowest frequency of the G allele in isolated colonic disease (55%), increasing to 60% in ileal and ileo-colonic disease, without a clear difference in adult and pediatric subsets (colonic disease: adult 55%, pediatric 54%). Similarly, there was no association with gender, smoking history, perianal fistulae, and presence of extra-intestinal manifestations. Moreover, no association was found with any specific sub-phenotypes of UC (Table 6).
Table 5.
Genotype and allele frequency distribution of ATG16L1 and IL23R SNPs in CD cases stratified by phenotypic subgroups, (n)
| SNP/gene genotype |
rs2241880 ATG16L1 |
rs7517847 IL23R |
rs11209026 IL23R |
||||||||||||
| AA (105) | AG (335) | GG (227) | Total (667) | Freq (G) 0.501 | GG (52) | GT (305) | TT (366) | Total (723) | Freq (G) 0.283 | AA (0) | AG (60) | GG (675) | Total (735) | Freq (A) 0.041 | |
| Sex | |||||||||||||||
| Male | 54 | 193 | 126 | 373 | 0.597 | 28 | 169 | 212 | 409 | 0.275 | 0 | 27 | 390 | 417 | 0.032 |
| Female | 51 | 142 | 101 | 294 | 0.585 | 24 | 136 | 154 | 314 | 0.293 | 0 | 33 | 285 | 318 | 0.052 |
| Age at diagnosis (yr) | |||||||||||||||
| ≤ 16 (A1) | 28 | 72 | 53 | 153 | 0.582 | 9 | 76 | 74 | 159 | 0.296 | 0 | 9 | 150 | 159 | 0.028 |
| 17-40 (A2) | 56 | 180 | 123 | 359 | 0.593 | 24 | 160 | 209 | 393 | 0.265 | 0 | 29 | 378 | 407 | 0.036 |
| > 40 (A3) | 20 | 71 | 40 | 131 | 0.576 | 14 | 57 | 73 | 144 | 0.295 | 0 | 19 | 123 | 142 | 0.067 |
| Disease localization | |||||||||||||||
| Ileum (L1 ± L4) | 28 | 97 | 67 | 192 | 0.602 | 12 | 86 | 118 | 216 | 0.255 | 0 | 21 | 200 | 221 | 0.048 |
| Colon (L2 ± L4) | 31 | 92 | 48 | 171 | 0.550 | 10 | 76 | 104 | 190 | 0.253 | 0 | 18 | 170 | 188 | 0.048 |
| Ileo-colon (L3 ± L4) | 43 | 131 | 101 | 275 | 0.605 | 25 | 131 | 129 | 285 | 0.318 | 0 | 19 | 276 | 295 | 0.032 |
| Upper GI (L4) | 2 | 4 | 1 | 7 | 0.429 | 0 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 0.167 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 6 | 0.000 |
| Disease behavior | |||||||||||||||
| Inflammatory (B1) | 44 | 154 | 98 | 296 | 0.591 | 21 | 133 | 162 | 316 | 0.277 | 0 | 25 | 294 | 319 | 0.039 |
| Stricturing (B2) | 22 | 79 | 46 | 147 | 0.582 | 10 | 64 | 82 | 156 | 0.269 | 0 | 16 | 145 | 161 | 0.050 |
| Penetrating (B3) | 38 | 85 | 70 | 193 | 0.583 | 17 | 93 | 103 | 213 | 0.298 | 0 | 17 | 201 | 218 | 0.039 |
| Perianal disease | |||||||||||||||
| Yes | 14 | 52 | 37 | 103 | 0.612 | 8 | 54 | 59 | 121 | 0.289 | 0 | 11 | 113 | 124 | 0.044 |
| No | 89 | 269 | 175 | 533 | 0.581 | 40 | 233 | 293 | 566 | 0.277 | 0 | 46 | 529 | 575 | 0.040 |
| Smoking history | |||||||||||||||
| No | 57 | 168 | 116 | 341 | 0.587 | 24 | 149 | 191 | 364 | 0.271 | 0 | 29 | 339 | 368 | 0.039 |
| Yes | 32 | 105 | 71 | 208 | 0.594 | 20 | 100 | 107 | 227 | 0.308 | 0 | 20 | 213 | 233 | 0.043 |
| Ex | 14 | 39 | 30 | 83 | 0.596 | 3 | 41 | 49 | 93 | 0.253 | 0 | 8 | 88 | 96 | 0.042 |
| Surgery | |||||||||||||||
| Yes | 34 | 91 | 68 | 193 | 0.588 | 15 | 83 | 113 | 211 | 0.268 | 0 | 16 | 202 | 218 | 0.037 |
| No | 70 | 231 | 149 | 450 | 0.588 | 32 | 211 | 241 | 484 | 0.284 | 0 | 42 | 447 | 489 | 0.043 |
Only patients with at least 2 years of follow-up from diagnosis were included.
Table 6.
Genotype and allele frequencies of ATG16L1 and IL23R SNPs in UC cases stratified by phenotypic subgroups, (n)
| SNP/gene genotype |
rs2241880 ATG16L1 |
rs7517847 IL23R |
rs11209026 IL23R |
||||||||||||
| AA (141) | AG (315) | GG (212) | Total (668) | Freq (G) 0.553 | GG (88) | GT (390) | TT (326) | Total (804) | Freq (G) 0.352 | AA (1) | AG (72) | GG (750) | Total (823) | Freq (A) 0.045 | |
| Sex | |||||||||||||||
| Male | 77 | 183 | 112 | 372 | 0.547 | 41 | 236 | 185 | 462 | 0.344 | 0 | 45 | 432 | 477 | 0.047 |
| Female | 64 | 132 | 100 | 296 | 0.561 | 47 | 154 | 141 | 342 | 0.363 | 1 | 27 | 318 | 346 | 0.042 |
| Age at diagnosis (yr) | |||||||||||||||
| ≤ 16 (A1) | 30 | 58 | 48 | 136 | 0.566 | 15 | 76 | 49 | 140 | 0.379 | 0 | 11 | 129 | 140 | 0.039 |
| 17-40 (A2) | 79 | 159 | 102 | 340 | 0.534 | 40 | 213 | 170 | 423 | 0.346 | 0 | 33 | 401 | 434 | 0.038 |
| > 40 (A3) | 24 | 84 | 55 | 163 | 0.595 | 28 | 86 | 89 | 203 | 0.350 | 1 | 25 | 184 | 210 | 0.064 |
| Disease localization | |||||||||||||||
| Rectum | 18 | 41 | 15 | 74 | 0.480 | 13 | 38 | 39 | 90 | 0.356 | 1 | 8 | 80 | 89 | 0.056 |
| Rectum-sigmoid | 20 | 55 | 39 | 114 | 0.583 | 20 | 82 | 46 | 148 | 0.412 | 0 | 21 | 134 | 155 | 0.068 |
| Left colon | 41 | 101 | 64 | 206 | 0.556 | 27 | 104 | 100 | 231 | 0.342 | 0 | 19 | 215 | 234 | 0.041 |
| Colon | 54 | 104 | 86 | 244 | 0.566 | 24 | 148 | 124 | 296 | 0.331 | 0 | 22 | 283 | 305 | 0.036 |
| Perianal disease | |||||||||||||||
| Yes | 3 | 3 | 6 | 12 | 0.625 | 0 | 6 | 8 | 14 | 0.214 | 0 | 2 | 13 | 15 | 0.067 |
| No | 129 | 298 | 198 | 625 | 0.555 | 82 | 367 | 301 | 750 | 0.354 | 1 | 67 | 699 | 767 | 0.045 |
| Smoking history | |||||||||||||||
| No | 81 | 173 | 125 | 379 | 0.558 | 51 | 203 | 185 | 439 | 0.347 | 1 | 38 | 408 | 447 | 0.045 |
| Yes | 25 | 54 | 25 | 104 | 0.500 | 10 | 65 | 41 | 116 | 0.366 | 0 | 12 | 104 | 116 | 0.052 |
| Ex | 25 | 72 | 51 | 148 | 0.588 | 20 | 105 | 77 | 202 | 0.359 | 0 | 18 | 191 | 209 | 0.043 |
| Surgery | |||||||||||||||
| Yes | 11 | 33 | 26 | 70 | 0.607 | 9 | 37 | 35 | 81 | 0.340 | 0 | 9 | 74 | 83 | 0.054 |
| No | 122 | 268 | 178 | 568 | 0.549 | 74 | 337 | 274 | 685 | 0.354 | 1 | 61 | 638 | 700 | 0.045 |
Only patients with at least 2 years of follow-up from diagnosis were included.
Similarly, there was no correlation between risk alleles and genotypes of the IL23R genes with specific sub-phenotypes of CD (Table 5) and UC (Table 6). Of note, the frequency of A allele of rs11209026 was the lowest in patients diagnosed at < 16 years of age (2.8%), increasing to 3.6% in the age group of 17-40 years, and 6.7% in those over 40 years, but the differences did not reach statistical significance (Table 5). More specifically, despite the large number of pediatric onset IBD patients investigated, genotype/phenotype frequencies were similar after further stratifying IBD population into adult and pediatric age of onset of the disease (data not shown).
Interaction between ATG16L1, IL23R, CARD15, and OCTN1/2 genes
Logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the individual contributions of CARD15 (at least 1 variant against wild type), ATG16L1 (GG/AG vs AA), IL23R rs11209026 (AG/AA vs GG) and OCTN (diplotype TTCC against the rest) and CD risk, and to test for statistical interaction. The analysis included 763 CD cases and 749 controls. Table 7 shows the results of the logistic regression model with the individual contributions of CARD15, ATG16L1, IL23R, and OCTN to disease risk, their contribution after adjustment for CARD15 genotype, and the contribution of interactions with CARD15. The individual contribution of all the predisposing genes was confirmed. By contrast, there was no evidence of a statistical interaction between all loci (P = 0.428), and ATG16L1, IL23R, and OCTN by pairs and triplets (data not showed).
Table 7.
Logistic regression analysis
| Genes | P | OR | 95% CI |
| CARD15 | 2.34E-14 | 2.908 | 2.211-3.825 |
| ATG | 0.008 | 1.442 | 1.099-1.894 |
| ATG (adj CARD15) | 0.014 | 1.439 | 1.077-1.924 |
| ATG* CARD15 | 0.692 | 0.851 | 0.382-1.894 |
| IL23 | 0.005 | 0.613 | 0.435-0.863 |
| IL23 (adj CARD15) | 0.029 | 0.629 | 0.414-0.954 |
| IL23* CARD15 | 0.981 | 1.010 | 0.432-2.360 |
| OCTN | 0.028 | 1.434 | 1.039-1.980 |
| OCTN (adj CARD15) | 0.021 | 1.479 | 1.061-2.061 |
| TTCC* CARD15 | 0.632 | 0.821 | 0.367-1.839 |
| ATG*IL23*OCTN*CARD15 | 0.428 | 0.651 | 0.226-1.880 |
Individual contribution of CARD15 (at least 1 variant), ATG16L1 (GG/AG vs AA), IL23R rs11209026 (AG/AA vs GG), and OCTN dyploype (TTCC) to risk CD. adj CARD15: Contribution from the term after adjustment for CARD15 genotype.
DISCUSSION
With the recent introduction of the GWA technology, several novel genes and loci involved in the pathogenesis of IBD have been uncovered, as well as the successful identification and replication of multiple susceptibility genes for CD[11,15,18,20,21,32], such as IL23R and ATG16L1. However, these genetic variations account for only a small portion of the overall genetic susceptibility to CD, and their contribution to the pathogenesis of UC is even lower.
The present study confirms the reported association between IL23R and ATG16L1 variants and susceptibility to CD, both in the case-control and family-based analysis, and in both adult- and pediatric-onset disease. Moreover, we also replicated the significant association between the rs11209026 variant of IL23R and UC (P = 0.018), suggesting that this gene may also have a role in the genetic susceptibility to UC. Although the size of the cohort was sufficiently large, consisting of more than 1600 IBD patients, we were unable to detect an association between IL23R and ATG16L1 variants and any sub-phenotypes for both diseases, as described in the majority of published studies, thus suggesting that the overall effect of these variants on certain CD subtypes[22,23,31,34–36,38] is much weaker than that observed in CARD15. Moreover, we found no statistical evidence for epistatic interaction between IL23R, ATG16L1, OCTN1/2, and CARD15 genes. Since our cohort also included a large number of pediatric cases (368 diagnosed at age < 19 years), this study confirmed that the rs2241880 polymorphism in the ATG16L1[34,37] gene and the rs7517847, rs11209026 polymorphisms in the IL23R gene[22,25,27–30] also influence susceptibility to CD in pediatric-onset patients, at allele and genotype frequencies comparable to that seen in adults.
Recent studies have reported genotype-phenotype associations in adult-pediatric onset CD and ATG16L1 Ala197Thr variant. Specifically, Prescott et al[34] demonstrated an association with ileal form of CD with or without colonic involvement (61.7%) but not with isolated colonic disease (52.2%), as well as with diagnosis at an earlier age (≤ 16 years at diagnosis: 63.8%). Subsequently, van Limbergen et al[38] confirmed the association of isolated ileal disease with rs2241880G-allele (P = 0.02) in a combined genotype-phenotype analysis of early and adult onset CD, although after stratifying CD cases in early- and adult-onset the association did not reach statistical significance (P = 0.28 and P = 0.08, respectively), probably due to the reduced power of the sample sizes.
We observed rs2144880G variant allele frequency of 55% in colonic disease (L2 ± L4), which increased to 60% in pure ileal disease (L1 ± L4), without significant association with any sub-phenotypes. To definitively answer this question, studies with a larger cohort of CD are needed to increase the statistical power, particularly when considering SNPs that only show a modest increase in the odds ratios for susceptibility. Moreover, different ethnic populations and true heterogeneity may also explain these differences.
IL-23 is a heterodimeric cytokine, composed of the IL-12p40 and p19 subunits. Human and mouse IL-23 share structural homologies with IL-12, and exhibit similar activities, but differ in their capacity to stimulate populations of specific memory T cells, activated to produce the proInflammatory mediators IL17 and IL16[43]. This so-called TH17 T-cell subset expresses the master transcription factor POPγt and mediates chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases in animal models[44]. IL-23 binds with a complex consisting of IL-23R and IL-12Rβ. IL-23R associates constitutively with Jak2 and in a ligand-dependent manner with stat3. The human IL-23R gene is on human chromosome 1 within 150 kb of IL-12Rβ2[45]. It appears that IL-23 plays a unique role in the initiation and perpetuation of innate and T cell-mediated forms of IBD, and variations in the early IL-12 and IL-23 dependent regulatory mechanisms may impact the subsequent inflammatory response. The strong effect of the protective allele, first identified by Duerr et al[15], could potentially be exploited to define functional outcomes and targeted therapy that to date remain as possibilities.
ATG16L1 is a member of a large family of genes involved in autophagy, a mechanism by which cells recycle redundant organelles, an essential process in the resistance to pathogens, targeted for immune evasion by viruses and bacteria[46]. The exact functional impact of the rs2241880 variant is currently unknown, although the ATG16L1 protein is a key component of autophagy and the T300A substitution occurs in an evolutionarily conserved domain[32]. The gene is expressed in intestinal epithelial cell lines and functional knockdown of this gene abrogates autophagy of Salmonella typhimurium[16]. The important role of autophagy as predisposing factor to CD has recently been highlighted with the identification of variants in immunity-related guanosine triphosphatase (IRGM) gene, involved in elimination of intracellular bacteria, and susceptibility to CD[47]. How this process is implicated in the pathogenesis of CD remains unclear, although it further supports the concept of inflammatory barrier disorder[48].
Our results provide an independent confirmation of the association between the candidate genetic variations in IL23R and ATG16L1 genes and CD, and reinforce the role of these new polymorphisms as genetic determinants in IBD. Further research is needed to understand how IL23R and ATG16L1 variants contribute to disease susceptibility in IBD, and whether they have therapeutic implications.
COMMENTS
Background
It is widely accepted that ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD) result from an inappropriate response of a defective mucosal immune system to indigenous flora and other luminal agents in a genetically susceptible host. Eleven inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) genome-wide linkage analyses in families with multiple IBD affected members, and two meta-analyses have identified several linkage regions. Following the identification of NOD2 (or CARD15), the first gene contributing to CD susceptibility (IBD1 locus), further fine mapping studies have identified a risk haplotype (IBD5 locus) on chromosome 5q, and another polymorphism on the disk large homolog 5 (DLG5) gene. However, these risk-associated variants and many others reported with conflicting results, explain only a minority of the genetic risk in IBD. Whole genome association (GWA) studies have rapidly led to the identification of novel susceptibility loci such as interleukin-23 receptor (IL23R) and autophagy-related 16-like 1 gene (ATG16L1).
Research frontiers
An uncommon coding mutation (Arg381Gln) in the IL23R gene has been identified as conferring strong protection against CD with ileal involvement. Further GWA and replication studies have consistently confirmed strong association between variations at IL23R and CD, with a large number of replications in adult- and pediatric-onset cohorts, without significant association with specific CD sub-phenotype. Moreover, an association with UC has also been observed. The non-synonymous (Ala197Thr) variant of ATG16L1 was found to be associated with CD, but not UC, and has been consistently demonstrated in a number of independent studies in adult subjects, but with conflicting data in pediatric IBD cohorts.
Innovations and breakthroughs
The present study included a large population of Italian IBD patients (763 CD and 843 UC), including 368 patients with pediatric onset of disease (age at diagnosis < 19 years), 546 healthy parents and 749 healthy controls. All patients were accurately phenotyped. Two SNPs of IL23R, one of the ATG16L1, and three of the CARD15 genes were genotyped, and were also evaluated for interaction with specific clinical features among genes.
Applications
The present study confirms the reported association between IL23R and ATG16L1 variants and susceptibility to CD, both in the case-control and family-based analysis, and both in adult- and pediatric-onset disease. Moreover, we also replicated the significant association of the rs11209026 variant of IL23R with UC, suggesting that this gene may also have a role in genetic susceptibility to UC. Although the size of the cohort was large, consisting of more than 1600 IBD patients, we were unable to detect an association between IL23R and ATG16L1 variants and any sub-phenotypes for both diseases.
Terminology
GWA is the Genome Wide Association which is examined through a chip platform evaluating several thousand SNPs. SNP is Polymorphism of Single Nucleotide evaluated to investigate variants of gene probably modifying the gene function.
Peer review
This is a nice follow-up study which confirms the association between the candidate genetic variations in IL23R/ATG16L1 and IBD, in both pediatric- and adult-onset population.
Acknowledgments
The authors wish to thank Dr. Angelo Andriulli for thoughtful review of the manuscript and Dr. Elisabetta Colombo, Mrs. Latiano Tiziana and Mrs. Ermelinda De Santo for their assistance with data collection and technical support. We wish to thank all the patients and families that participated in this study. The following physicians of the SIGENP* and adult Gastrointestinal Units contributed to the study by providing DNA samples and clinical information of their patients (number of probands is shown in brackets): *Ancona: Catassi , Nobile S (7); *Bari: Rutigliano V, De Venuto D (14); *Foggia: Campanozzi A (6); *Messina: Vieni G, Sferlazzas C (35); Milano: Bianchi Porro G, Vecchi M, Saibeni S, Ardizzone S (286); Napoli: Riegler G, de Leone A, Giaquinto S (98); *Napoli: Berni Canani E, Staiano AM (43); Padova: D’incà R, Sturniolo GC (295); *Padova: Guariso G, Lodde V (30); *Palermo: Accomando S (11); *Parma: de‘Angelis GL (17); *Pescara:Lombardi G (8); *Reggio Calabria: Romano C (9); *Roma: Cucchiara S, Borrelli O, Bascietto C (69); S. Giovanni Rotondo: Colombo E, Andriulli A (664); *S. Giovanni Rotondo: Pastore M, D’Altilia M, Marseglia A (14).
Supported by The National Minister of Health grant, No. RC0702GA35
Peer reviewer: Emiko Mizoguchi, Professor, Department of Medicine, Gastrointestinal Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, GRJ 702, 55 Fruit Street, Boston MA 02114, United States
S- Editor Li DL L- Editor Anand BS E- Editor Lin YP
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