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World Journal of Gastroenterology logoLink to World Journal of Gastroenterology
. 2008 Sep 14;14(34):5290–5300. doi: 10.3748/wjg.14.5290

Ileal lesions in patients with ulcerative colitis after ileo-rectal anastomosis: Relationship with colonic metaplasia

Livia Biancone 1,2,3,4, Emma Calabrese 1,2,3,4, Giampiero Palmieri 1,2,3,4, Carmelina Petruzziello 1,2,3,4, Sara Onali 1,2,3,4, Giuseppe Sigismondo Sica 1,2,3,4, Marta Cossignani 1,2,3,4, Giovanna Condino 1,2,3,4, Kiron Moy Das 1,2,3,4, Francesco Pallone 1,2,3,4
PMCID: PMC2744059  PMID: 18785281

Abstract

AIM: To assess whether in ulcerative colitis (UC) patients with ileo-rectal anastomosis (IRA), ileal lesions may develop in the neo-terminal-ileum and their possible relation with phenotypic changes towards colonic epithelium.

METHODS: A total of 19 patients with IRA under regular follow up were enrolled, including 11 UC and 8 controls (6 Crohn’s disease, CD; 1 familial adenomatous polyposis, FAP; 1 colon cancer, colon K). Ileal lesions were identified by ileoscopy with biopsies taken from the ileum (involved and uninvolved) and from the rectal stump. Staining included HE and immunohistochemistry using monoclonal antibodies against colonic epithelial protein CEP (Das-1) and human tropomyosin isoform 5, hTM5 (CG3). Possible relation between development of colonic metaplasia and ileal lesions was investigated.

RESULTS: Stenosing adenocarcinoma of the rectal stump was detected in 1 UC patient. The neo-terminal ileum was therefore investigated in 10/11 UC patients. Ileal ulcers were detected in 7/10 UC, associated with colonic metaplasia in 4/7 (57.1%) and Das-1 and CG3 reactivity in 3/4 UC. In controls, recurrence occurred in 4/6 CD, associated with colonic metaplasia in 3/4 and reactivity with Das-1 and CG3 in 2/3.

CONCLUSION: Present findings suggest that in UC, ileal lesions associated with changes towards colonic epithelium may develop also after IRA. Changes of the ileal content after colectomy may contribute to the development of colonic metaplasia, leading to ileal lesions both in the pouch and in the neo-terminal ileum after IRA.

Keywords: Ulcerative colitis, Ileo-rectal anastomosis, Ileal lesions, Colonic metaplasia

INTRODUCTION

Inflammatory changes of the distal ileum in ulcerative colitis (UC) may be observed in backwash ileitis[1-3] and after total proctocolectomy with ileal pouch (“pouchitis”)[4-8]. Chronic inflammation of the ileal pouch has been described not only in patients with UC[9-13], but also after total proctocolectomy for other conditions, including Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP). The frequency of pouchitis is more frequent in UC (60%-70% at 1 years)[14-16] than in FAP (< 50% at 1 years), thus suggesting that the underlying UC may be involved in the pathogenesis of pouchitis[8,14,17]. Common bacterial flora also appears to play a major role in pouchitis, as suggested by both experimental and clinical evidences, supporting the efficacy of probiotics in subsiding symptoms of pouchitis in UC[18-22]. Although the etiology of pouchitis is unknown, the development of changes of the ileal mucosa lining the pouch, including flattening, reduced number and/or complete villar atrophy has been involved in UC[4,23,24]. These changes of the ileum, becoming similar to the colonic epithelium (“colonic metaplasia”) have been reported more frequently associated with pouchitis. Changes of the resident bacterial flora after proctocolectomy have therefore been involved in the development of both colonic metaplasia and pouchitis.

Proctocolectomy represented the procedure of choice in severe UC over the past 30 years[25], and permanent ileostomy[26,27] is still a valid option in an elderly patient in whom either an ileal pouch or an ileo-rectal anastomosis (IRA) is contraindicated. Nowadays, colectomy with IRA[28-30] must be compared with the more recent sphincter saving procedure, namely restorative proctocolectomy. Ravitch and Sabiston[31] are rightly given the credit for the development of total colectomy and ileo-anal pouch, representing the preferred surgical option in referral IBD surgical unit[32].

IRA for UC determines the persistence of the diseased rectal stump requiring local treatment and cancer surveillance, thus being rarely performed in UC, due to technical feasibility or clinical requirements. It is conceivable that not only after ileal pouch, but also after IRA, the neo-terminal ileum may develop inflammatory changes.

In order to investigate this issue, we aimed to assess whether inflammatory changes of the ileum in UC may also be observed after IRA. We also explored whether these changes of the neo-terminal ileum are associated with the development of colonic metaplasia of the ileum itself. For this purpose, colonic metaplasia of the ileum was investigated in biopsy samples taken from the neo-terminal ileum of patients with IRA for UC, by both conventional histological assessment and immunohistochemistry, using monoclonal antibodies (MoAb) against colonic epithelial antigens (CEP and hTM5)[23,33-36]. In one UC patient, ileal lesions were also assessed by wireless capsule endoscopy (WCE). As controls, a small group of patients with IRA for Crohn’s disease (CD), FAP or colon cancer (colon K) were also investigated as patients with IRA for UC.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Patients

A total of 19 patients with IRA in regular follow up at the University “Tor Vergata” of Rome, Italy, were studied. Clinical characteristics of each patient are reported in Table 1. The study population included patients with IRA for UC (n = 11), and, as control group, 6 patients with IRA for CD, 1 for FAP and 1 for adenocarcinoma of the sigmoid colon (colon K). In all UC patients and controls the diagnosis was confirmed by macroscopic and histological analysis of the surgical specimen. Clinical history, endoscopic, surgical and histological findings were reviewed for the possibility that endoscopic findings after surgery would suggest possible changes of previous diagnosis (i.e. ileal lesions in UC). The study group included 11 UC patients (5 M; median age 46; range 25-63), with a median UC duration of 7 years (range 1-20), a median time interval from surgery of 4 years (range 1-12). Indication for surgery was adenocarcinoma in the rectal stump (n = 1), medical intractability (n = 8), toxic megacolon (n = 2). Among the 8 controls, there were 6 patients with CD (3 M, median age 51, range 22-83), with a median CD duration of 3 years (range 0-24), a median time interval from surgery of 4 years (range 1-20). Indication was stenosis of the sigmoid colon (n = 2), recto-vaginal fistula (n = 1), obstruction (n = 1), pelvic abscess (n = 1), refractory CD (n = 1). Control group also included 2 patients with IRA for FAP (F, age 57) (n = 1) and adenocarcinoma of the sigmoid colon (F, age 68) (n = 1).

Table 1.

Demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with IRA for UC, CD, FAP and colon cancer

Patient Sex Age Disease duration before surgery (yr) Indication for surgery
UC
DLE M 50 7 Refractory UC
LRA F 25 7 CS-Refractory
DFML F 49 2 CS-Refractory
ML M 37 1 Refractory UC
BM F 46 1 Toxic megacolon
TE M 47 8 Refractory UC
SC F 39 1 Refractory UC
CF M 36 8 Toxic megacolon
LP F 50 20 Refractory UC
NF M 63 8 Refractory UC
TR F 47 11 Toxic megacolon
CD
DAD F 37 5 Colonic stenosis
MA M 83 0 Colonic stenosis
CP F 51 24 Pelvic abscess
DCE M 30 5 Obstruction
DLLV M 22 1 Refractory CD
CRL F 59 1 Recto-vaginal fistula
FAP
ZG F 57 16 FAP
Colon K
ML F 68 1 Colon cancer
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CS-Refractory: Steroid-refractory disease.

Study protocol

Endoscopy: Endoscopy was performed according to clinical criteria, including possible treatment changes, cancer surveillance, or recurrence assessment (in CD). According to these criteria, 9 IBD patients underwent repeated endoscopic assessments of the rectum and ileum, in a median follow up of 4 years (range 1-20). The numbers of endoscopic assessment were: 21 in the 11 UC, 12 in the 6 CD, and 1 in the only FAP and colon cancer patients. Persistence or healing of the ileal lesions was searched in patients undergoing repeated endoscopies. All endoscopies were performed by the same gastroenterologist (LB), with pictures taken from the rectum, anastomosis and neo-terminal ileum. In UC, the endoscopic degree of inflammation was graded according to the Mayo score (0-4)[37]. The presence and degree of ileal lesions visualized by the endoscope was searched and described as: erosions, aphthoid or deep ulcers, strictures and/or stenosis. The extent of the lesions (cm), the number of ulcerations (few or diffuse: < 5 or ≥ 5) and macroscopic aspect of the ileum between ulcers were also reported. In CD, endoscopic recurrence was graded according to Rutgeerts et al (from 0 to 4)[38].

Histology: In all patients biopsies (n = 2) were taken from the neo-terminal ileum (uninvolved and involved area), anastomosis and rectal stump. In all patients, at least 10 cm of the neo-terminal ileum were visualized. When considering all biopsy samples taken during repeated endoscopies, 90 biopsy samples (180 biopsies) were taken from the ileum, anastomotic area and rectum. In UC, biopsies were taken from the neo-terminal ileum (macroscopically uninvolved n = 17, involved n = 12), anastomosis (n = 3) and rectum (n = 18). In controls, biopsies were taken: in CD from the ileum (uninvolved n = 8; involved n = 8), anastomosis (n = 6) and rectal stump (n = 11), in FAP (n = 1) and colon cancer patients (n = 1) from the uninvolved n = 2 or involved n = 1 ileum, anastomosis (n = 2) and rectum (n = 2). Biopsy samples were kept in 10% formalin. Paraffin blocks were used for routine histology by HE staining and for immunohistochemistry by immunoperoxidase staining. Histological assessment was made by one single histopathologist (GP), in order to: (1) Confirm the diagnosis of UC or CD; (2) Assess the presence and degree of inflammation; (3) Detect dysplasia/neoplasia in the rectal stump; (4) Detect changes of the epithelium lining the ileum towards colonic epithelium. Inflammatory changes were assessed according to conventional criteria[4,23,39]. Histologic elements of inflammatory and colonic metaplasia were assessed according to Fruin et al[24], including: (1) An inflammatory score considering histological characteristics of the villi epithelia, crypt epithelia, stroma and ulceration (A score: range 0-28); (2) Colonic metaplasia score considering characteristics of villous atrophy and crypt hyperplasia (B score: range 0-6).

Immunohistochemistry: In order to detect possible ileal changes towards colonic epithelium, the expression of colonic antigens was assessed by immunoperoxidase using 2 MoAbs against human tropomyosin isoform 5 (hTM5) (CG3) and against the > 200 kDa colonic epithelial antigen (Das-1)[33-36]. Sections were stained as reported previously[33-36].

Clinical assessment: Clinical assessment was made according to the Mayo score in UC[37] and to the CD Activity Index (CDAI) in CD[40].

WCE: In one compliant UC patient, the presence and extent of the lesions in the neo-terminal ileum was also investigated by WCE. WCE examination was performed using the Given M2A capsule (Given Imaging, Yoqneam, Israel[41,42]) as described[43], by using bowel preparation with PEG (2 L). Exclusion criteria included: low compliance, diverticula, blind loop, pace-maker, neurological disorders, intestinal strictures. WCE images were assessed by one gastroenterologist. The detection of the following lesions was reported: erosions, ulcers, strictures or stenosis. Any other lesion was also reported.

The study was approved by the Local Ethic committee.

RESULTS

UC patients

In one UC patient, an anastomotic stricture that could not be passed by the endoscope was detected. A hard and ulcerated area was present in the rectal stump, compatible with adenocarcinoma, confirmed by histology (Figure 1). The ileum was therefore visualized in 10/11 patients. Figure 2A shows the percentage of UC patients with endoscopic lesions in the neo-terminal ileum, together with changes towards colonic epithelium, as detected by both conventional histology and staining using CG3 and Das-1 MoAbs. As indicated, ileal lesions were detected at first endoscopy in 7/10 patients. Histological analysis of the macroscopically involved ileum detected changes towards colonic epithelium in 4/7 patients. CG3 and Das-1 MoAbs staining were observed in ileal samples from 3 out of these 4 patients. The endoscopic and histological views of the neo-terminal ileum and rectal stump from 2 UC patients with lesions associated or not with changes towards colonic epithelium are shown in Figures 3 and 4, respectively.

Figure 1.

Figure 1

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Endoscopic view of the rectal stump from one UC patient (TR) showing a hard and ulcerated mass inducing stenosis of the anastomosis, not passed by the colonoscope. Histological analysis of the lesion detected an adenocarcinoma of the rectal stump.

Figure 2.

Figure 2

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Histograms indications. A: The number of UC patients after IRA showing: Lesions in the neo-terminal ileum as assessed by endoscopy; Histological findings compatible with colonic metaplasia; Expression of hTM5-related colon epithelial antigens; B: The number of CD patients with IRA showing ileal recurrence at endoscopy, inflammatory changes at histology (including those compatible with colonic metaplasia) and expression of hTM5-related colonic epithelial antigens.

Figure 3.

Figure 3

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Endoscopic view, histological analysis and immunohistochemistry against CG3 and Das-1 MoAbs of biopsy samples taken from the neo-terminal ileum and rectal stump from a second UC patient (DLE) with IRA. A-C: Endoscopic views of the neo-terminal ileum at 3 endoscopies, showing focal erosions and ulcers at all times; D: Histological analysis of ileal biopsy samples, compatible with changes towards colonic epithelium, including villous atrophy; E: Immunostochemistry showing staining against CG3 (E1) and Das-1 (E2) MoAbs in the same ileal samples. F-H: Endoscopic view (F), histological (G1, G2) and immunohistochemical analysis against CG3(H1) and Das-1 MoAbs (H2) of the uninvolved ileum, showing no inflammation or colonic metaplasia. I-M: Endoscopic view (I), histological (L1, L2) and immunohistochemical analysis using CG3(M1) and Das-1 MoAbs (M2) of the rectal stump, showing typical UC lesions and staining against hTM5-related antigens.

Figure 4.

Figure 4

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Endoscopic view, histological analysis and WCE images of the rectum and neo-terminal ileum from a third UC patient (LRA) with IRA. A: Endoscopic view of the rectal stump showing erosions and pseudopolyps; B: Endoscopic views of the ileum showing small focal ulcers above the anastomosis; C: Ileal biopsy sample from the same patient showing no villous atrophy or colonic metaplasia by histology; D: WCE images showing in the neo-terminal ileum above the anastomosis, 2 ulcers covered by fibrin (arrows) surrounded by macroscopically normal ileum.

Clinical assessment: At first endoscopy, UC was clinically active (Mayo score) in 5 and inactive in 6 patients.

Endoscopy: As the neo-terminal ileum was not visualized in 1 UC patient due to an adenocarcinoma of the rectal stump (Figure 1), the ileum was visualized in 10/11 patients. Among these 10 patients, macroscopic lesions were detected in the rectal stump in 8, in the anastomosis in 6, in the ileum in 7. Rectal lesions in the 8 patients included erosions (n = 2) and ulcers (n = 6). In 2/6 patients with anastomotic lesions, a stricture that could be passed by the endoscope was observed. Table 2 shows the endoscopic and histological findings in each of the 11 UC patients studied. Among the 10 patients, 7 showed macroscopic lesions in the ileum proximal to the IRA at first endoscopy. Lesions were localized within 15 cm above the anastomosis in all patients, including ulcers, sporadic (< 5) in 5 (apthoid, n = 3; deep, n = 2) and diffuse (> 5) in 2 UC. In all 7 patients, ileal lesions were surrounded by macroscopically uninvolved areas, while the rectal stump showed typical UC lesions. All 6 UC with anastomotic lesions also showed ileal lesions, while 1 patient with ileal lesions showed a normal anastomosis.

Table 2.

Endoscopic and histologic findings at different time intervals in each patient with IRA for UC

Patient Endo (n) Ileal lesions at endoscopy Histology
Uninvolved ileum
 Involved ileum
Conventional histology[23]
 Immunohistochemistry
 Conventional histology[23]
 Immunohistochemistry
A B Colonic metaplasia CG3 MoAb Das-1 MoAb A B Colonic metaplasia CG3 MoAb Das-1 MoAb
LRA 1 Y 1 0 N - - ND ND ND ND ND
2 Y 0 0 N + + 12 12 Y + +
3 Y 2 0 N + + 6 1 N + +
4 Y 0 0 N + + 6 0 N + +
5 Y 0 0 N + + 8 0 N + +
DFML 1 Y ND ND ND ND ND 0 0 N + -
2 N 0 0 N + + ND ND ND ND ND
SC 1 N 2 0 N + + ND ND ND ND ND
ML 1 Y 0 0 N + + 10 4 Y + +
2 N 0 0 N ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
TE 1 Y ND ND ND ND ND 0 0 Y + -
LP 1 N 0 0 N ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
BM 1 N 0 0 N ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
2 N 1 0 N + - ND ND ND ND ND
3 N 0 0 N ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
DLE 1 Y 0 0 N + - 6 2 Y + -
2 Y 0 2 Y + + 0 2 Y + +
3 N 0 0 N ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
CF 1 Y ND ND ND ND ND 2 0 N - -
2 Y 0 0 N ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
NF 1 Y ND ND ND ND ND 6 3 Y ND ND
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Histology: HE staining. Adenocarcinoma of the rectal stump was detected in 1 patient (Figure 1) and inflammatory changes in the remaining 10. In the macroscopically uninvolved ileum, biopsies were taken from 7/10 UC, showing inflammatory changes (n = 2), lamina propria oedema (n = 3) or no lesions (n = 2) (Table 2). In the macroscopically involved ileum, histology detected inflammation in all 7 UC (acute and chronic inflammation n = 3; villous atrophy n = 4). The anastomotic area showed inflammation in 3/6 UC.

Assessment of changes of the ileal epithelium toward colonic epithelium. Changes towards colonic epithelium are observed in the macroscopically uninvolved ileum from 7/10 UC, showing an inflammatory infiltrate in 3 (A1, n = 1; A2, n = 2), no inflammation in 4 and colonic metaplasia in 1 (B2) (Table 2). Changes toward colonic epithelium were found in the 7/10 UC with ileal lesions, showing inflammatory changes in 4 (A12, n = 1; A10, n = 1; A6, n = 2). Ileal changes towards colonic epithelium have been detected in the 4/7 UC with ileal lesions (A12, n = 1; A4, n = 1; A3, n = 1; A2, n = 1).

Figures 3A to C and 4A to C show the endoscopic, histologic and immunohistochemistry analysis of biopsy samples taken from 4 additional UC patients with IRA.

Immunohistochemistry: Expression of hTM5-related antigens was seen in the uninvolved ileum from 6/10 UC, showing CG3 staining in all 6 and Das-1 staining in 5/6 UC. The involved ileum showed CG3 staining in 5/6 UC and Das-1 staining in 3/6 UC.

Longitudinal study: Endoscopy. Among the 7 patients with ileal lesions, 6 underwent repeated endoscopies (n = 5 in 1; n = 2 in 4; n = 3 in 1). Ileal lesions were detected at all endoscopies in 3/6 UC, at first but not at second endoscopy in 2, healing at third endoscopy in 1 UC. Figure 5 shows the endoscopic, histologic and immunohistochemical analysis of the rectum, involved and uninvolved ileum from one UC patient at 3 consecutive endoscopies.

Figure 5.

Figure 5

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Endoscopic view and histological analysis of the anastomosis and neo-terminal ileum from 3 UC patients with IRA. A: Endoscopic views of the anastomosis from 3 UC patients showing focal small ulcers; B: Endoscopic views of the neo-terminal ileum from the same 3 UC patients, scattered ulcerations surrounded by macroscopically uninvolved ileum; C: Histological analysis of biopsy samples taken from the involved neo-terminal ileum from patients 5 and 6, showing changes towards colonic metaplasia.

Histology. Ileal lesions at endoscopy were confirmed by histology in all UC patients. One patient showed ileal changes toward colonic epithelium at all endoscopies (Figure 3).

Immunohistochemistry. In UC, biopsy samples were taken during repeated endoscopies from the uninvolved (n = 11) and involved ileum (n = 10). In the uninvolved ileum, 10/11 biopsies showed CG3 staining (strong in 4) and 8/11 Das-1 staining (glandular n = 5; epithelial cells n = 3). In the involved ileum 9/10 biopsies showed CG3 staining (glandular n = 2; epithelial cells n = 7, strong in 3) and 6/10 showed Das-1 staining (glandular n = 5; epithelial cells, n = 1).

WCE. In the only UC patient studied by WCE, this procedure confirmed the endoscopic findings, showing multiple erosions and ulcers covered by fibrin in the distal 10 cm of the neo-terminal ileum (Figure 3D). These lesions appeared focal, being surrounded by macroscopically uninvolved mucosa. No other lesions, active bleeding or strictures were detected by WCE in the entire small bowel.

Controls with IRA

CD patients: Figure 2B shows the percentage of CD patients with ileal recurrence detected by endoscopy and histology, together with changes towards colonic epithelium assessed by histology and immunohistochemistry. Recurrence was detected in 4 out of 6 patients: histology detected changes towards colonic epithelium in 3 out of these 4 patients, associated with the expression of colonic epithelial antigens in 2 out of 3 patients.

Clinical assessment. At first endoscopy, disease was active in 3 (CDAI > 150) and inactive in 3 patients.

Endoscopy. Lesions were detected in the rectum in 2/6 patients, in the anastomosis in 5/6 and in the ileum in 4/6 patients. Lesions included CD recurrence of grade 0 (n = 2), 2 (n = 2), 3 (n = 1) or 4 (n = 1) (Figures 6 and 7).

Figure 6.

Figure 6

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Endoscopic view (A), histological (B) and immunohis-tochemical analysis using CG3 (C) and Das-1 MoAbs (D) of the neo-terminal ileum form one CD patient. Endoscopy shows CD recurrence (grade 2), histology lesions compatible with changes of the ileum towards colonic epithelium and immunohistochemistry staining against CG3 and Das-1 MoAbs.

Figure 7.

Figure 7

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Endoscopic view (A), routine histochemical (B) and immunohistochemistry analysis using CG3 (C) and Das-1 MoAbs (D) of the neo-terminal ileum from a second CD patient. Endoscopy detected recurrence of the anastomosis and neo-terminal ileum (grade 3), histology lesions compatible with changes of the ileal epithelium towards colonic epithelium and immunohistochemistry the expression of colonic epithelial antigens, compatible with colonic metaplasia.

Histology. (1) HE staining: In rectal samples, inflammatory changes were detected in 3/6 CD. The macroscopically uninvolved ileum from 4/6 patients showed changes towards colonic metaplasia (n = 1), inflammation and villous atrophy (n = 2) or no lesions (n = 1) (Figures 6 and 7). Among the 4 patients with ileal recurrence, inflammation was detected in 3 (with villous atrophy in 2) and colonic metaplasia in 1. The anastomosis showed inflammation in 3 (glandular hyperplasia n = 1, villous atrophy n = 1, colonic metaplasia n = 1). (2) Assessment of changes of the ileal epithelium toward colonic epithelium: In 4/6 CD, biopsy samples were taken from the macroscopically uninvolved ileum, showing inflammation in 3/4 (A2, n = 1; A4, n = 2) and changes towards colonic metaplasia in 2/4 (B2, n = 1; B4, n = 1) (Table 3). Ileal lesions at endoscopy were confirmed by histology in all 4 CD (A2, n = 1; A8, n = 1; A10, n = 1; A12, n = 1) showing colonic metaplasia in 3/4 patients (B3, n = 1; B4, n = 2). (3) Immunohistochemistry: hTM5-related antigens expression in the uninvolved ileum was searched in 2 CD, showing staining against CG3 in both and against Das-1 in 1 patient. Biopsies from the involved ileum were taken from 3 CD, showing CG3 staining in all 3, and Das-1 staining in 2/3 patients.

Table 3.

Endoscopical and histologic findings of patients with IRA for CD, FAP or colonic K

Patient Endo (n) Ileal lesions at endoscopy Histology
Uninvolved ileum
 Involved ileum
Conventional histology[23]
 Immunohistochemistry
 Conventional histology[23]
 Immunohistochemistry
Score Score Colonic CG3 Das-1 Score Score Colonic CG3 Das-1
A B metaplasia MoAb MoAb A B metaplasia MoAb MoAb
DAD 1 Y ND ND ND ND ND 4 0 N + -
(CD-1) 2 Y ND ND ND ND ND 0 0 N + -
3 Y 0 0 N + - 0 0 N + -
4 Y 0 0 N + - 8 4 Y + -
MA 1 N 4 4 Y + + 0 3 Y + +
(CD-2)
DCE 1 N ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
(CD-3)
CP 1 N 0 0 N ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
(CD-4) 2 N 2 0 N ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
3 Y 1 1 N ND ND 2 1 N ND ND
DLV 1 Y ND ND ND ND ND 4 1 Y + +
(CD-5) 2 N 2 2 Y ND ND
3 Y 4 2 Y ND ND 12 4 Y ND ND
CRL 1 Y ND ND ND ND ND 10 3 Y ND ND
(CD-6)
ZG 1 N 0 0 N ND ND 8 2 N ND ND
(FAP)
ML 1 N 0 0 N ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
(K)
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Longitudinal study: Endoscopy: Repeated endoscopies (n = 4 in 1; n = 3 in 2) were performed in 3/6 patients, showing persistent lesions. Histology: In 5/6 patients, ileal inflammatory changes were detected at all endoscopies. Immunohistochemistry: The only patient with repeated immunohistochemical analysis showed persistent CG3 positivity and Das-1 negativity.

Patient with FAP

Endoscopy: One anastomotic ulcer was detected. Histology: Inflammation were detected only in the anastomosis (A = 0; B = 2).

Patient resected for colon cancer

Endoscopy: No lesions were detected. Histology: Mild inflammation was detected in the rectum only.

DISCUSSION

In UC, inflammatory changes of the ileum in UC may be observed in pouchitis[4-8] and in backwash ileitis[1-3]. In pouchitis, ileal lesions have been related to the development of changes of the epithelium towards colonic epithelium (“colonic metaplasia”)[4,23,24]. Although the etiology of pouchitis remains unknown, the resident bacterial flora is involved in the pathogenesis of this condition[15,18,19,21,22]. In particular, the efficacy “in vivo” of probiotic preparations in UC patients with pouchitis suggests a pathogenetic role for changes of the resident bacterial flora after proctocolectomy[18,19,21]. As proctocolectomy is required for both ileal pouch and IRA, we aimed to assess whether UC patients may develop inflammatory changes of the ileum not only in the ileal pouch, but also above the IRA. We also explored whether these changes are associated with the development of colonic metaplasia of the epithelium lining the ileum. Ileal changes have been examined by histology and immunohistochemistry using MoAbs against the major cytoskeletal microfilament protein, tropomyosin isoform 5 (hTM5) in colon epithelium[33-36]. Evidence indicates that bacterial-host interactions may induce the expression of cryptic cytoskeletal proteins on human cells surface[23,44]. Cytoskeletal proteins include a family of intracytoplasmatic proteins (α-actinin, talin, ezrin, villin, F-actin, myosin II, calpactin, gelsolin, laminin, tropomyosin), modulating the structure, shape, and motility of several cell types, including human colonic epithelial cells[45]. The enteropathogenic Escherichia coli binds to enterocytes by injecting a translocated intimin receptor in the host cells membrane, linking to the intimin receptor of the bacterium itself. This binding is followed by a rearrangement of the cytoskeletal proteins within the cytoplasm of the enterocytes (α-actinin, talin, ezrin, villin, F-actin, myosin II, TMs), thus forming pedestals linking the bacterium itself to colonic epithelial cells[44,45]. These observations prompted us to also assess whether hTM5 may be expressed on the epithelial cells lining the neo-terminal ileum in UC patients with IRA, due to changes of the ileum towards colonic epithelium after colectomy and the possible relation between the development of colonic metaplasia and ileal lesions. Our findings from a limited number of patients with IBD suggest that ileal lesions may be observed after IRA, although more frequently in UC (7 out of 10 patients). The presence of scattered erosions and ulcers in the neo-terminal ileum above the anastomosis was confirmed by WCE images, acquired as described[41-43], from the only patient performing this procedure. Despite the focal inflammation of the ileum, histological analysis of the surgical colonic specimen confirmed the diagnosis of UC in all 7 patients. Ileal lesions were associated with epithelial changes towards colonic epithelium in 4 out of these 7 patients, associated with the expression of hTM5-related antigens in 3 out of these 4 patients. The same findings were not detected in any of the 7 UC patients with no ileal lesions. Surprisingly, colonic metaplasia and the expression of colonic epithelial antigens were also observed in some of the few tested patients with IRA for CD. Although “colonization” of the ileum after total colectomy for any indication has been described, its possible relation with the development of ileal lesions is unknown. The score from Fruin et al[24] was used for assessing colonic metaplasia, as for pouchitis. Major limits of our study include the low number of patients and the cross-sectional study plan, not allowing comparisons before versus after surgery. Although it is said that colectomy cures UC, this study underscores the fact that surgery is not the final answer due to the high incidence of pouchitis and other functional problems experience by these patients. Of particular concern is the asymptomatic neoplasia that can arise in the residual rectal stump required for these surgical procedures, which was seen in one of the study patients.

Although not conclusive, our findings suggest that lesions may be observed in the neo-terminal ileum of UC and CD patients following IRA. These changes are towards colonic epithelium phenotype and with the expression of colonic epithelial antigens in some patients. Longitudinal studies are ongoing for further characterization of the molecular mechanisms leading to ileal changes in UC. Present findings suggest that changes of the ileal content after colectomy may contribute to the development of colonic type of metaplasia, leading to ileal lesions both in the pouch and in the neo-terminal ileum after IRA.

COMMENTS

Background

Inflammatory changes of the distal ileum in ulcerative colitis (UC) may be observed in backwash ileitis and after total proctocolectomy with ileal pouch (“pouchitis”). Although total proctocolectomy with ileal pouch currently represents the most frequently performed surgical procedure in UC, colectomy with ileo-rectal anastomosis (IRA) is still in these patients. The persistence of the diseased rectal stump after IRA requires endoscopical surveillance. Ileal inflammation may be observed in UC patients with pouchitis, being related to changes of the ileal epithelium towards colonic epithelium (“colonic metaplasia”). Whether the ileum above IRA in patients with IRA for UC may develop inflammatory changes as observed in pouchitis is unknown and this observation may be useful for proper follow up of patients after surgery.

Research frontiers

The etiology of pouchitis in patients with UC is unknown. However, the development of changes of the ileal mucosa lining the pouch, including flattening, reduced number and/or complete villar atrophy has been involved in the pathogenesis of pouchitis. These changes of the ileum, becoming similar to the colonic epithelium (“colonic metaplasia”) have been reported more frequently associated with pouchitis. Changes of the resident bacterial flora after proctocolectomy therefore have been involved in the development of both colonic metaplasia and pouchitis. It is conceivable that after total colectomy for UC and related changes of the common bacterial flora, ileal lesions may develop not only after ileal pouch, but also after IRA.

Innovations and breakthroughs

The present study showed that In UC, ileal lesions associated with changes towards colonic epithelium may develop after IRA. Changes of the ileal content after colectomy may contribute to the development of colonic metaplasia, leading to ileal lesions also after IRA.

Applications

Results from our study suggest that patients with IRA for UC need endoscopical assessment not only for cancer surveillance but also for assessing the possible development of ileal lesions above anastomosis. Present findings also add new insights regarding the natural history of UC after IRA.

Terminology

Tropomyosin isoform 5 (hTM5) is a cytoskeletal microfilament protein present in the epithelium from human colon, but not from the ileum. Mucosal and circulating antibodies against hTM5 have been demonstrated in patients with UC. Evidences indicate that bacterial-host interactions may induce the expression of cryptic cytoskeletal proteins on human cells surface. Cytoskeletal proteins include a family of intracytoplasmatic proteins (α-actinin, talin, ezrin, villin, F-actin, myosin II, calpactin, gelsolin, laminin, tropomyosin), modulating the structure, shape, and motility of several cell types, including human colonic epithelial cells.

Peer review

This is a clinical and immunohistochemical study supporting the need of continued endoscopical follow up of UC patients after IRA.

Footnotes

Supported by The Fondazione Umberto Di Mario, Largo Marchiafava n. 1, ZIP code 00161, Roma, Italy

Peer reviewer: Jay Pravda, MD, Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Gainesville, Florida 32614-2181, United States

S- Editor Li DL L- Editor Li M E- Editor Zhang WB

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