Abstract
Lack of a standard methodology has been one of the major obstacles preventing advancement of behavior analytic research in verbal behavior. This article presents a standard method for the analysis, recording, and control of verbal behavior that overcomes several major methodological problems that have hindered operant research in verbal behavior. The system divides all verbal behavior into four functional response classes, correct, error, no response, and inappropriate behavior, from which all vocal responses of a subject may be classified and consequated. The effects of contingencies of reinforcement on verbal operants within each category are made immediately visible to the researcher as changes in frequency of response. Incorporating frequency of response within each category as the unit of response allows both rate and probability of verbal response to be utilized as basic dependent variables. This method makes it possible to record and consequate verbal behavior in essentially the same way as any other operant response. It may also facilitate an experimental investigation of Skinner's verbal response categories.
Full text
PDF











Selected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- Baer D. M., Guess D. Receptive training of adjectival inflections in mental retardates. J Appl Behav Anal. 1971 Summer;4(2):129–139. doi: 10.1901/jaba.1971.4-129. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Campbell C. R., Stremel-Campbell K. Programming "loose training" as a strategy to facilitate language generalization. J Appl Behav Anal. 1982 Summer;15(2):295–301. doi: 10.1901/jaba.1982.15-295. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Drash P. W., Leibowitz M. Operant conditioning of speech and language in the nonverbal retarded child. Recent advances. Pediatr Clin North Am. 1973 Feb;20(1):233–243. doi: 10.1016/s0031-3955(16)32822-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Drash P. W., Murrin M. R., Jordan S. E., Clark H. B. Rapid reduction of off-task behavior in retarded children by use of light-out. Psychol Rep. 1985 Apr;56(2):499–509. doi: 10.2466/pr0.1985.56.2.499. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Drash P. W., Raver S. A., Murrin M. R., Tudor R. M. Three procedures for increasing vocal response to therapist prompt in infants and children with Down syndrome. Am J Ment Retard. 1989 Jul;94(1):64–73. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Drash P. W., Tudor R. M. Language and cognitive development: a systematic behavioral program and technology for increasing the language and cognitive skills of developmentally disabled and at-risk preschool children. Prog Behav Modif. 1990;26:173–220. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Garcia E., Guess D., Byrnes J. Development of syntax in a retarded girl using procedures of imitation, reinforcement, and modelling. J Appl Behav Anal. 1973 Summer;6(2):299–310. doi: 10.1901/jaba.1973.6-299. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Guess D., Sailor W., Rutherford G., Baer D. M. An experimental analysis of linguistic development: the productive use of the plural morpheme. J Appl Behav Anal. 1968 Winter;1(4):297–306. doi: 10.1901/jaba.1968.1-297. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hart B. M., Risley T. R. Establishing use of descriptive adjectives in the spontaneous speech of disadvantaged preschool children. J Appl Behav Anal. 1968 Summer;1(2):109–120. doi: 10.1901/jaba.1968.1-109. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Koegel R. L., O'Dell M. C., Koegel L. K. A natural language teaching paradigm for nonverbal autistic children. J Autism Dev Disord. 1987 Jun;17(2):187–200. doi: 10.1007/BF01495055. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Laski K. E., Charlop M. H., Schreibman L. Training parents to use the natural language paradigm to increase their autistic children's speech. J Appl Behav Anal. 1988 Winter;21(4):391–400. doi: 10.1901/jaba.1988.21-391. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lovaas O. I. Behavioral treatment and normal educational and intellectual functioning in young autistic children. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1987 Feb;55(1):3–9. doi: 10.1037//0022-006x.55.1.3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lutzker J. R., Sherman J. A. Producing generative sentence usage by imitation and reinforcement procedures. J Appl Behav Anal. 1974 Fall;7(3):447–460. doi: 10.1901/jaba.1974.7-447. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- MacCorquodale K. B. F. Skinner's verbal behavior: a retrospective appreciation. J Exp Anal Behav. 1969 Sep;12(5):831–841. doi: 10.1901/jeab.1969.12-831. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- McPherson A., Bonem M., Green G., Osborne J. G. A citation analysis of the influence on research of Skinner's verbal behavior. Behav Anal. 1984 Fall;7(2):157–167. doi: 10.1007/BF03391898. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Michael J. Verbal behavior. J Exp Anal Behav. 1984 Nov;42(3):363–376. doi: 10.1901/jeab.1984.42-363. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- doi: 10.1901/jeab.1970.13-83. [DOI] [PMC free article] [Google Scholar]
- Sailor W., Taman T. Stimulus factors in the training of prepositional usage in three autistic children. J Appl Behav Anal. 1972 Summer;5(2):183–190. doi: 10.1901/jaba.1972.5-183. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Vargas R., Pizzuto J., Bosque J. D., Santos D. hipercoagulabilidad en el síndrome nefrótico del niño. Arch Invest Med (Mex) 1975;6(1):23–32. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Yamamoto J., Mochizuki A. Acquisition and functional analysis of manding with autistic students. J Appl Behav Anal. 1988 Spring;21(1):57–64. doi: 10.1901/jaba.1988.21-57. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]