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. 2006 Aug 4;7(3):E61–E69. doi: 10.1208/pt070364

Evaluation of alternative strategies to optimize ketorolac transdermal delivery

Carmelo Puglia 1, Rosanna Filosa 2, Antonella Peduto 2, Paolo de Caprariis 2, Luisa Rizza 1, Francesco Bonina 1, Paolo Blasi 3,✉
PMCID: PMC2750506  PMID: 17025245

Abstract

In the present study, 2 alternative strategies to optimize ketorolac transdermal delivery, namely, prodrugs (polyoxyethylene glycol ester derivatives, I–IV) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) were investigated. The synthesized prodrugs were chemically stable and easily degraded to the parent drug in human plasma. Ketorolac-loaded NLC with high drug content could be successfully prepared. The obtained products formulated into gels showed a different trend of drug permeation through human stratum corneum and epidermis. Particularly, skin permeation of ester prodrugs was significantly enhanced, apart from ester IV, compared with ketorolac, while the results of drug release from NLC outlined that these carriers were ineffective in increasing ketorolac percutaneous absorption owing to a higher degree of mutual interaction between the drug and carrier lipid matrix. Polyoxyethylene glycol esterification confirmed to be a suitable approach to enhance ketorolac transdermal delivery, while NLC seemed more appropriate for sustained release owing to the possible formation of a drug reservoir into the skin.

Keywords: ketorolac, lipid carrier, NLC, prodrug, transdermal delivery

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