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Effects of acute and chronic MDMA or saline (SAL) on serum testosterone concentrations. Testosterone concentrations were significantly lower in the MDMA compared to the saline group, as indicated in the inset (p < 0.0001). Chronic rats also had higher testosterone levels than acute rats (p < 0.05). **, p < 0.0001 compared to SAL; a, p < 0.05 for acute vs. chronic treatments.
