Abstract
Objectives
To assess and compare the effects of candesartan or lisinopril, or both, on blood pressure and urinary albumin excretion in patients with microalbuminuria, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes.
Design
Prospective, randomised, parallel group, double blind study with four week placebo run in period and 12 weeks' monotherapy with candesartan or lisinopril followed by 12 weeks' monotherapy or combination treatment.
Setting
Tertiary hospitals and primary care centres in four countries (37 centres).
Participants
199 patients aged 30-75 years.
Interventions
Candesartan 16 mg once daily, lisinopril 20 mg once daily.
Main outcome measures
Blood pressure and urinary albumin:creatinine ratio.
Results
At 12 weeks mean (95% confidence interval) reductions in diastolic blood pressure were 9.5 mm Hg (7.7 mm Hg to 11.2 mm Hg, P<0.001) and 9.7 mm Hg (7.9 mm Hg to 11.5 mm Hg, P<0.001), respectively, and in urinary albumin:creatinine ratio were 30% (15% to 42%, P<0.001) and 46% (35% to 56%, P<0.001) for candesartan and lisinopril, respectively. At 24 weeks the mean reduction in diastolic blood pressure with combination treatment (16.3 mm Hg, 13.6 mm Hg to 18.9 mm Hg, P<0.001) was significantly greater than that with candesartan (10.4 mm Hg, 7.7 mm Hg to 13.1 mm Hg, P<0.001) or lisinopril (mean 10.7 mm Hg, 8.0 mm Hg to 13.5 mm Hg, P<0.001). Furthermore, the reduction in urinary albumin:creatinine ratio with combination treatment (50%, 36% to 61%, P<0.001) was greater than with candesartan (24%, 0% to 43%, P=0.05) and lisinopril (39%, 20% to 54%, P<0.001). All treatments were generally well tolerated.
Conclusion
Candesartan 16 mg once daily is as effective as lisinopril 20 mg once daily in reducing blood pressure and microalbuminuria in hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes. Combination treatment is well tolerated and more effective in reducing blood pressure.
Introduction
The role of inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system in preventing microvascular complications, particularly nephropathy, in patients with daibetes has been clearly shown.1–3 In many people with evidence of diabetic renal disease, however, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors alone fail to achieve blood pressure targets. There is increasing evidence that angiotensin II (AII), the effector molecule of the renin-angiotensin system, can be generated not only by the ACE enzyme but also by other pathways including chymase.4–6 The advent of angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptor blockers provides an alternative approach to blocking the renin-angiotensin system. These antagonists, however, block only one subtype of the angiotensin II receptor, the type 1 subtype, and in contrast with ACE inhibitors do not promote accumulation of vasodilatory substances such as bradykinin. In normal subjects, this combination has been shown to be effective at decreasing blood pressure.4,7,8 We compared the effects of candesartan9 (a type 1 receptor blocker) and lisinopril10 on blood pressure and urinary albumin excretion and evaluated the effects of the combination of both drugs in patients with hypertension, microalbuminuria, and type 2 diabetes.
Participants and methods
This study has been described according to the CONSORT guidelines for the presentation of clinical trials.11 This randomised, double blind, double dummy study was performed in 37 centres (12 in Australia, nine in Denmark, four in Finland, and 12 in Israel) in patients with type 2 diabetes who were aged between 30 and 75 years old and had previously diagnosed hypertension and microalbuminuria.
We included patients if the urinary albumin:creatinine ratio was 2.5-25 mg/mmol and the diastolic blood pressure was 90-110 mm Hg after two and four weeks of placebo treatment, respectively. Exclusion criteria were: body mass index ⩾40 kg/m2, systolic blood pressure >200 mm Hg, non-diabetic cause of secondary hypertension, cardiovascular event in the past six months, serum creatinine concentration ⩾130 ×6d mol/l in women and ⩾150 ×6d mol/l in men, serum potassium concentration >5.5 mmol/l, glycated haemoglobin concentration (HbA1c) >10%, pregnancy or potential pregnancy, and breast feeding.
After four weeks of placebo treatment, eligible patients were randomised to four treatment groups. Figure 1 gives details of the randomisastion and treatment. Consequently, half the patients received candesartan and half received lisinopril for the first 12 weeks. From 12 to 24 weeks, one third of the patients received candesartan alone, one third lisinopril alone, and one third the combination, unless patients had diastolic blood pressure below 80 mm Hg at 12 weeks.
Figure 1.
Distribution of participants in study. Doses were: candesartan 16 mg once daily, lisinopril 20 mg once daily, or their combination
The patients attended the clinic for a total of nine study visits: at four and two weeks before randomisation, at randomisation (week 0), and at 1, 6, 12, 13, 18, and 24 weeks after randomisation. At each visit blood pressure was measured in the morning after five minutes of rest, about 24 hours after the previous drug administration, with an automatic device (Omron HEM-705 CP, Omron Electronics, Tokyo, Japan). Sitting blood pressure was measured three times with an interval of about two minutes, and the mean was calculated. The standing blood pressure was measured once after one minute of standing.
Microalbuminuria was determined two weeks before randomisation and at weeks 0, 12, and 24 by calculation of the urinary albumin:creatinine ratio.3 For each determination the patients brought early morning voided urine samples from two consecutive days. Albumin concentration was measured by immunoturbidimetry, and creatinine concentration was measured by autoanalyser. Creatinine clearance was calculated with the Cockroft-Gault formula ((140−age)×body weight (kg)×K/serum creatinine (μmol/l). K (constant) was 1.25 for men and 1.03 for women. Haemoglobin A1c was measured by high performance liquid chromatography at weeks 0, 12, and 24. Clinical chemistry, haematology, and urinalysis were performed at weeks 0, 12, and 24 with standard methods. Serum creatinine and potassium concentrations were also measured at weeks 1 and 13. The ACE genotype was determined as previously described.12 Tolerability was assessed by using spontaneously reported adverse events, recorded in response to an open question or observed by the investigator at each visit.
The study was performed in accordance with the principles stated in the Declaration of Helsinki and approval was obtained from each institution's ethics committee. All patients gave their informed consent before being included in the study.
Statistical methods
The assumed standard deviation for the change in urinary albumin excretion was 1.1 on a logged scale. This would allow estimation of the ratio of the expected medians with a relative error of at most 33% with a probability of 95%. As we used the mean of two early morning measurements we predicted that the variability between indiviuals would be reduced. In consequence, the observed relative error could be expected to be smaller than assumed. We therefore calculated that we needed about 220 patients.
For all treatments we analysed the changes from baseline (randomisation) to 12 and 24 weeks in blood pressure, urinary albumin:creatinine ratio, and creatinine clearence with a linear model for analysis of covariance with factors for treatment, centre, and interaction between them and baseline value as a covariate. For urinary albumin:creatinine ratio the changes in diastolic blood pressure and body weight were also used as covariates. The urinary albumin: creatinine ratio was analysed after logarithmic transformation. Differences between treatments were estimated from the fitted model (analysis of covariance). The results for urinary albumin:creatinine ratio are presented as estimates of the true treatment geometric means and as estimates of the ratios of the true treatment geometric means, with their 95% confidence intervals and corresponding P values. All analyses were based on intention to treat (defined as all patients who took at least one dose and had efficacy data available after randomisation), with the last value carried forward for missing values.
Results
As one randomised patient never took the study medication and for one other patient we had no efficacy data after randomisation there was a total of 197 evaluable patients.
Effects on blood pressure and urinary albumin excretion
After 12 weeks' treatment
Table 1 shows that there were no significant differences in baseline characteristics for the candesartan (n=99) and lisinopril (n=98) groups. Eighteen in the candesartan group and 27 in the lisinopril group also received hydrochlorothiazide 12.5 mg once daily. In both groups about 80% of the patients were taking oral antidiabetic drugs and 20% were taking insulin. Both drugs reduced blood pressure and urinary albumin:creatinine ratio significantly from baseline to 12 weeks. Table 2 summarises the results.
Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of patients with hypertension, microalbuminuria, and type 2 diabetes followed from baseline to 12 weeks. Figures are means (SD) unless stated otherwise
| Candesartan | Lisinopril | |
|---|---|---|
| No of patients | 99 | 98 |
| Age (years) | 59.7 (9.9) | 60.0 (8.5) |
| No of men | 66/33 | 62/36 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 30.7 (4.3) | 29.8 (3.8) |
| Duration of hypertension (years) | 8.3 (8.8) | 9.0 (8.9) |
| Duration of diabetes (years) | 9.8 (7.5) | 8.4 (7.3) |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 162.7 (17.7) | 162.6 (17.6) |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 96.0 (6.2) | 95.7 (6.2) |
| Urinary albumin:creatinine ratio (mg/mmol)* | 5.9 (1.1) | 6.6 (1.1) |
| Serum creatinine (μmol/l) | 85.8 (18.9) | 85.0 (16.8) |
| Creatinine clearance (ml/min) | 103.1 (37.7) | 96.0 (28.7) |
| Haemoglobin A1C (%) | 7.6 (1.2) | 7.6 (1.6) |
| ACE genotype (DD/ID/II/not known) | 28/45/14/12 | 32/41/20/5 |
Geometric mean (tolerance factors).
Table 2.
Adjusted* mean reductions in blood pressure and urinary albumin:creatinine ratio from baseline to 12 weeks in patients with hypertension, microalbuminuria, and type 2 diabetes
| Candesartan | Lisinopril | Adjusted mean difference between treatments | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sitting diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 9.5 (7.7 to 11.2); P<0.001 | 9.7 (7.9 to 11.5); P<0.001 | 0.2 (−2.3 to 2.7); P >0.20 |
| Sitting systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 12.4 (9.1 to 15.8); P<0.001 | 15.7 (12.2 to 19.2); P<0.001 | 3.3 (−1.5 to 8.2); P=0.18 |
| Urinary albumin:creatinine ratio (%) | 30 (15 to 42); P<0.001 | 46 (35 to 56); P<0.001 | 30 (1 to 71); P=0.058† |
Adjusted for centre, treatment, baseline value, weight, and change in diastolic blood pressure.
Relative reduction.
After 24 weeks treatment
Table 3 show the baseline characteristics of the three groups followed to 24 weeks. Patients who were withdrawn from the study at the 12 week visit, mostly because their diastolic blood pressure was below 80 mm Hg, are not included in the 24 week analysis. After 24 weeks we had data for 49 in the candesartan group, 46 in the lisinopril group, and 49 in the combination group. A few patients in each treatment group also received hydrochlorothiazide 12.5 mg once daily (candesartan n=7, lisinopril n=6, combination n=6).
Table 3.
Baseline characteristics of patients with hypertension, microalbuminuria, and type 2 diabetes followed from baseline to 24 weeks. All figures are means (SD) unless stated otherwise
| Candesartan | Lisinopril | Candesartan and lisinopril | |
|---|---|---|---|
| No of patients* | 66 | 64 | 67 |
| Age (years) | 59.7 (9.9) | 59.9 (9.0) | 59.8 (8.7) |
| No of men | 48 | 43 | 37 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 31.0 (4.2) | 29.6 (3.7) | 30.2 (4.2) |
| Duration of hypertension (years) | 8.3 (8.9) | 7.9 (8.1) | 9.7 (9.3) |
| Duration of diabetes (years) | 10.0 (7.7) | 8.3 (7.0) | 9.1 (7.7) |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 163.3 (19.0) | 163.0 (17.2) | 161.7 (16.7) |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 96.6 (6.9) | 96.2 (5.2) | 94.8 (6.4) |
| Urinary albumin:creatinine ratio (mg/mmol)† | 7.2 (1.1) | 5.9 (1.2) | 5.6 (1.1) |
| Serum creatinine (μmol/l) | 88.3 (18.5) | 85.6 (16.7) | 82.4 (18.1) |
| Creatinine clearance (ml/min) | 103.5 (38.4) | 96.8 (28.9) | 98.4 (32.9) |
| Haemoglobin A1c (%) | 7.5 (1.3) | 7.6 (1.7) | 7.6 (1.2) |
| ACE genotype (DD/ID/II/ not known) | 18/32/8/8 | 21/27/12/4 | 21/27/14/5 |
Two patients lost to follow up (see text for details).
Geometric mean (tolerance factors).
Table 4 shows that all three treatments reduced both blood pressure and urinary albumin:creatinine ratio from baseline to 24 weeks, with the combination being the most effective. There was no significant difference in the reductions in systolic blood pressure observed after treatment with candesartan or lisinopril. The reductions in standing blood pressures were similar to the reductions in seated blood pressures.
Table 4.
Adjusted* mean reduction in blood pressure and urinary albumin:creatinine ratio from baseline to 24 weeks in patients with hypertension, microalbuminuria, and type 2 diabetes
| Candestartan | Lisinopril | Combination |
Adjusted mean difference
|
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Combination v candestartan | Combination v lisinopril | ||||
| Sitting diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 10.4 (7.7 to 13.1); P<0.001 | 10.7 (8.0 to 13.5); P<0.001 | 16.3 (13.6 to 18.9); P<0.001 | 5.9 (2.1 to 9.7); P=0.003 | 5.6 (1.7 to 9.4); P=0.005 |
| Sitting systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 14.1 (8.9 to 19.2); P<0.001 | 16.7 (11.4 to 21.9); P<0.001 | 25.3 (20.3 to 30.3); P<0.001 | 11.2 (4.1 to 18.4); P=0.002 | 8.6 (1.4 to 15.9); P=0.02 |
| Urinary albumin:creatinine ratio (%) | 24 (0 to 43); P=0.05 | 39 (20 to 54); P<0.001 | 50 (36 to 61); P<0.001 | 34 (3 to 55); P=0.04 | 18 (−20 to 44); P>0.20 |
Adjusted for centre, treatment, baseline value, weight, and change in diastolic blood pressure.
Figure 2 shows mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure in the three treatment groups at different time points. In the group of patients who received the combination treatment after 12 weeks there was a measurable further reduction in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure. There was no significant influence of ACE genotype on response of either albuminuria or blood pressure to any of the treatments studied.
Figure 2.
Mean (SE) seated systolic and diastolic blood pressure in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and microalbuminuria before and during treatment with candesartan 16 mg once daily (n=49), lisinopril 20 mg once daily (n=46), or combination of candesartan and lisinopril (n=49). Combination group received monotherapy with either candesartan or lisinopril for first 12 weeks
Tolerability
All treatment regimens were generally well tolerated. The most common adverse events during any of the treatment regimens were respiratory infection, cough, and headache, which occurred in less than 10% of the patients. Only 14 out of 197 randomised patients stopped treatment because of adverse events during the 24 week double blind period. Five patients discontinued because of dizziness or feeling weak, or both (two patients on candesartan, two on lisinopril, and one on the combination), while three patients discontinued because of cough (all treated with lisinopril). Other adverse events that caused patients to stop treatment occurred in single patients only.
There were no clear changes in mean values for haemoglobin A1c or any routine laboratory variables from baseline to 12 or 24 weeks in any of the treatment groups. Slight increases of doubtful clinical significance were observed at 24 weeks in serum concentrations of creatinine (8.1×6d mol/l), urea (1.04 mmol/l), potassium (0.30 mmol/l), and urate (42.0 ×6d mol/l) in the group of patients treated with the combination treatment. In three patients, a significant increase in serum creatinine concentration was reported (two patients on candesartan, one on the combination), but these changes either resolved with continued treatment or were of only modest nature and did not require clinical intervention.
We observed no significant changes in mean creatinine clearance over 12 weeks in any of the treatment groups. Creatinine clearance was slightly decreased over 24 weeks in the groups treated with lisinopril (adjusted mean decrease 0.0835 ml/sec, P=0.04) and the combination treatment (0.0735 ml/sec, P=0.05) but was not affected in the group treated with candesartan.
Discussion
We can confirm that dual blockade of the renin-angiotensisn system, both at the level of ACE and at the level of the AII receptor, is associated with more effective reduction in blood pressure than observed with a single agent and that this observation extends to patients with diabetes. We cannot, however, determine from the present study if these further effects on urinary albumin excretion relate to more effective reduction in blood pressure or to more complete blockade of the renin-angiotensin system. Our results provide additional evidence for a role for agents which interrupt the renin-angiotensin system in conferring renoprotective effects in patients with incipient diabetic nephropathy.
Our results are consistent with experimental data that emphasise the central role of interruption of the renin-angiotensin system in mediating the renoprotective effects of ACE inhibitors.13 We cannot exclude that the similarity in effects between ACE inhibitors and AII receptor antagonists relates primarily to their similar effects on blood pressure. Previous studies in patients with hypertension, microalbuminuria, and type 2 diabetes, however, have suggested that part of the effects on albuminuria of agents that interrupt the renin-angiotensin system relate specifically to blockade of this vasoactive hormone pathway.14 One of our main findings was the ability of the combination of lisinopril and candesartan to reduce blood pressure by about 8 mm Hg more than a single agent. Higher doses of a single agent would probably not have achieved similar effects on blood pressure.15,16 Effect is not related to ACE genotypes.17–19
The role of dual blockade of the renin-angiotensin system has been explored in other clinical contexts with positive results.7,20 In a study of seven diabetic patients, losartan was added to ACE inhibitor for seven days.21 This had no effect on proteinuria, blood pressure, or renal function. By contrast, positive effects were observed in a trial of 4 weeks' duration in normotensive subjects with IgA nephropathy.22
Our study provides evidence of an important role for combination therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes and incipient nephropathy as this treatment is effective at reducing blood pressure, has a beneficial effect on albuminuria, and is associated with an excellent safety profile. The safety of such a combination has recently been shown in a multicentre study evaluating the effects of the combination of valsartan and benazepril in patients with chronic renal impairment.23
There was a tendency for glomerular filtration rate, as assessed by the Cockroft-Gault formula, to decline with ACE inhibition but not with AII receptor antagonism. It has been previously suggested that ACE inhibitors may have different acute effects on renal haemodynamics to AII antagonists and that this may partly be bradykinin dependent.24,25
Recent guidelines for blood pressure targets in diabetic patients have emphasised the importance of aggressive blood pressure reduction in diabetic patients with evidence of renal disease.26–28 Our results show that dual blockade of the renin-angiotensin system is particularly effective in decreasing blood pressure in these patients, and support this new and potentially highly beneficial therapeutic approach for the prevention of diabetic renal and vascular disease.29,30
What is already known on this topic
Raised blood pressure is a strong risk factor for microvascular and macrovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes, and microalbuminuria adds to this risk
What this study adds
Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers both reduce blood pressure and microalbuminuria in these patients
Dual blockade of the renin-angiotensin system is more effective in reducing blood pressure and, to some extent, albuminuria
Footnotes
Competing interests: CEM and MEC have received fees for speaking at symposia supported by AstraZeneca, the manufacturers of lisinopril and candesartan cilexetil. CEM has received funds for research and consulting fees from AstraZeneca.
Funding: AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden.
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