FIG. 3.

The TLR4/TRIF pathway plays a role in adipose obELV-mediated macrophage activation and the impairment of the insulin response. A: BMDMs from wild-type B6, TLR2 knockout, or TLR4 knockout mice were treated with obELVs (10 μg/ml), and the quantity of IL-6 and TNF-α in 24 h culture supernatants was measured using a standard ELISA. B: BMDMs from wild-type B6, MyD88, or TRIF mice were treated with obELVs (10 μg/ml) at 0 h of the culture, and the quantity of IL-6 and TNF-α in the 24 h culture supernatants was determined as done in Fig. 3A, **P < 0.01. C: The C2C12 cells were cultured for 24 h in the presence of conditioned medium harvested at 24 h after addition of obELV (10 μg/ml) to BMDMs from TLR4 knockout B6 mice or wild-type B6 mice. Glucose uptake experiments were conducted as described in Fig. 2B, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01. Data are the means ± SE of three experiments with two replicates (A–C). KO, knockout.