Table 1.

Key Aspects and Results of Studies Correlating Sleep and Mental Development

Author	N	Mode of Sleep Assessment	Timing of Sleep Assessment	Mode of Development Assessment	Timing of Development Assessment	Correlations Between Sleep Characteristics and Mental Development
1. Beckwith et al.75	53 premature infants	EEG	40 weeks CA	Gesell Developmental Scale	4, 9 months	tracé alternant during QS: 4 months, r = 0.32 9 months, r = 0.33 No significant association with QS
2. Scher et al.76	16 preterm infants + 16 term infants	EEG	1–2 weeks after birth, then monthly up to term age	BSID	12 months, 24 months	***No. of arousals, r2 = 0.6382, Adj r2 = 0.6053
3. Anders et al.77	24 premature infants	Time-lapse video recording	2, 4, 8, 20, 24, 36, 52 weeks’ CA	BSID	24, 52 weeks’ CA	Holding Time Index: 24 weeks conceptional age (CA), F = 5.9 Longest Sleep Period: 52 weeks CA, r = −0.40, F = 7.6
4. Scher78	50 healthy infants	Questionnaire, actigraphy	10 months	BSID	10 months	Sleep efficiency, r = 0.30 % of activity/minute of sleep, r = −0.30 # awakenings > 5 minutes, r = −0.37
5. Becker et al.79	29 healthy infants	EEG	6 months	BSID	1 year	REM Storms: Group 1, r = −0.65 Group 2, r = −0.88
6. Arditi-Babchuk et al.80	81 premature infants	Observation	34 weeks CA	BSID	6 months	Prediction of MDI at 6 months REM (β = 29, F = 5.96) No association between REM storms and MDI
7. Freudigman et al.81	36 healthy newborns	Motility Monitoring System	Postnatal days 1 & 2	BSID	6 months	Longest sleep period, r = −0.42 Sleep-wake transition time, r = 0.36
8. Montgomery-Downs et al.82	35 healthy infants	Overnight polysomnogram	8 months	BSID	8 months	Snore-related arousals, r = −0.43, R2 = 0.18
9. Gertner et al.83	34 premature infants	Actigraphy	32 & 36 weeks CA	BSID	6 months	36 weeks CA: Total night mean activity level, r = 0.373 Total sleep %, r = −0.349 Total night sleep %, r = −0.405 No significant associations with sleep assessed at 32 weeks’ CA No significant association with QS
10. Borghese et al.86	49 premature infants	Motility Monitoring System	36 weeks CA & 6 months	BSID	6 months	Active Sleep: 36 weeks CA, r = −0.44 6 months, r = 0.34 Cyclicity: 36 weeks CA, r = −0.40 6 months, r = 0.43 No significant association with QS
11. Whitney et al.87	100 premature infants	Motility Monitoring System	Weekly for 1st 5 weeks of life	BSID	1 year, then biannually until age 3	Neurodevelopmental group: > Time in waking active < Time in Active Sleep and QS < Active sleep bout length < Longest sleep period < State stability score
12. Shibagaki et al.89	27 infants*	Overnight polysomnogram	4 months–1 year	Tsumori-Inage Questionnaire	4 months–1 year	Developmental quotient, r = 0.88, R2 = 0.78
13. Scher et al.90	100 infants**	Questionnaire	4–6 months, 10–12 months	Harris Infant Neuromotor Test	4–6 months, 10–12 months	Similar sleep patterns in infants with and without risks for developmental delays

^*infants with developmental disabilities;

^**infants were divided into 4 groups based on risk for developmental delay;

^***unadjusted for prematurity

Key Aspects and Results of Studies Correlating Sleep and Mental Development. Study characteristics including number of infants, modes of sleep and development assessment, and timing of sleep and development assessments are provided. Significant correlations are provided between various sleep characteristics and mental development scores for each study as well.

Abbreviations: EEG = electroencephalogram; CA = conceptional age; BSID = Bayley Scale of Infant Development; QS = quiet sleep; r = correlation coefficient; R² = squared multiple correlation; F = variance ratio