Retaining the patient perspective in the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health Core Set for low back pain

Abstract

Objective

To examine the relationship between health problems as rated by the health professionals in the Norwegian form of the Core Set for low back pain and the patients’ self-reported health problems in Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) and World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule II (WHODAS II).

Methods

This was part of an international multicenter study where a convenience sample of 118 Norwegian patients with low back pain (LBP) participated. The ICF Core Set for LBP was filled in by the health professionals. The patients reported their health problems in the WHODAS II and ODI. The items in WHODAS II and ODI were linked to the ICF. The problems reported in WHODAS II and ODI were compared to the problems scored by the health professionals in the linked ICF categories in the Comprehensive ICF Core Set for LBP.

Results

All items in ODI could be linked the ICF. Four items in WHODAS II could not be linked to the ICF and additionally two items could not be linked to specific ICF categories. All ICF categories linked to the ODI were included in the Comprehensive Core Set for LBP, whereas six items in WHODAS II could not be linked, and additionally 11 of the items were not represented in the Core Set. With the exception of sexual function, above three quarter of the patients’ reported problems within body functions was captured by the health professionals. Within several of the activities and participation categories the health professionals scores in the ICF reflected the patients’ reported problems well. Surprisingly some of the problems in activities of daily living were poorly reflected.

Conclusion

The Comprehensive ICF Core Set for LBP covers most of the items in ODI and WHODAS II in areas where patients report significant problems, with some exceptions. The subjective dimension related to the impact of the health condition as well as the feeling of being a burden to their family appeared to be important to these patients and not covered in the ICF. Problems with sexual functions and relationship were poorly reflected in the health professionals’ scores in the Comprehensive ICF Core Set for LBP. In clinical practice it is a challenge to assess the individual patients’ broad spectrum of problems precisely.

Introduction

Low back pain (LBP) represents the most frequent condition among musculoskeletal disorders (Bongers et al 1993). Lifetime prevalence of low back pain is reported to be up to 84% and point prevalence up to 33% in the western countries (Natvig and Picavet 2002; Jeffries et al 2007). These patients experience pain, positioning and mobility problems with impact on their daily activities, and subsequently restrictions in participation in leisure, work and social life (Brage 1998).

The LBP patients’ problems with physical function are captured by the traditional outcome measurements (Guyatt et al 1993; Daltroy et al 1996; Roland and Fairbank 2000). However, the spectrum of problems within activities and participation, and the influence of the environment are generally poorly covered (Cieza et al 2005; Sigl et al 2006). The approval of the new International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF), represents a globally agreed framework and classification of the wide spectrum of problems related to chronic health conditions (WHO 2001). However, the whole classification is not feasible for use in clinical practice. Hence, disorder-specific ICF Core Sets were developed in several areas, including LBP (Cieza et al 2004). These ICF Core Sets are now undergoing worldwide testing.

Retaining problems experienced by the patients themselves in the development of classifications or measurements is regarded as important, and should be looked upon as one element of the patient perspective. The broad evaluation of functioning and disability (Ueda and Okawa 2003) represented by ICF is a promising tool in this respect. However, the development of the ICF Core Sets for chronic conditions with a tenfold reduction of the number of categories may reduce the possibility to detect the individual problems. The Comprehensive ICF Core Set for LBP containing 78 categories within body functions and structure, activities and participation may therefore lack some of the LBP patients’ problems.

Thus, in the development of a Comprehensive ICF Core Set for LBP one should address to which extent the most important problems reported by the patients are represented. Among the most frequently used self-reporting LBP specific measurements is the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI). This instrument covers aspects within body functions and to some extent activities (Fairbank and Pynsent 2000). In order to obtain a wider perspective of problems within activities and participation, the generic instrument World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule II (WHODAS II 2001) has been used.

Another approach when the patients’ self-experienced problems are to be identified (Grill et al 2005) is focus groups or interviews. These methods were not part of the process when the present Comprehensive Core Set for LBP was developed (Cieza et al 2004). Mullis and colleagues (2007) interviewed 402 patients with LBP and compared the problems contained in their statements with the ICF categories included in the ICF Core Sets for LBP. They found that the patients’ main problems were contained in the Comprehensive ICF Core Set. However, in Mullis study, the Comprehensive ICF Core Set was not filled in by the health professionals, hence comparison between problems reported by the patients and scored by the health professionals in a clinical setting were not covered. By linking the ICF to the items in outcome measurements like ODI and WHODAS II, comparison of the scores of health professionals in the ICF Core Set with the patients self-reported scores on similar problems can shed light on this issue.

Hence, the present study aimed to explore whether the patients’ problems were retained in the Comprehensive ICF Core Set for LBP by assessing:

• whether the ICF categories linked to the WHODAS II and ODI were covered in the Comprehensive ICF Core Set for LBP;

• whether the problems reported by the patients in ODI and WHODAS II were captured by the health professionals’ scores in the Comprehensive ICF Core Set.

Material and methods

Study design

The study was a multicenter, cross-sectional, prospective study involving four study centers in Norway. The Norwegian study was also part of the international validation study performed by the ICF Research Branch WHO Collaborating Centre for the Family of the International Classification of ICF at the Ludwig-Maximilian University in Munich, Germany.

Inclusion

The recruitment of the patients and ICF-based data collection were performed by physicians and other health professionals (physiotherapists and nurses) trained by researchers at Ulleval University Hospital, Oslo, Norway. All participating persons were experienced health professionals working with LBP patients. The eligible population was LBP patients attending specialist in physical medicine and rehabilitation at the four study centers. A convenience sample of patients were included if they were at least 18 years old, had sufficient knowledge of the Norwegian language, and the purpose and reason for the study was understood. The exclusion criteria were unhealed wounds and other diseases dominating the loss of functioning. The patients signed an informed consent. The study was approved by the Regional Committee for Medical Research Ethics in Health Region East.

Measures

The ICD-10 diagnosis, the number of surgical interventions and hospitalizations due to LBP, as well as whether the pain was acute (<4 weeks), subacute (4 to 12 weeks) or chronic (>12 weeks) was documented for each patient.

The ICF-based data were collected using the Comprehensive ICF Core Set for LBP, including 78 ICF categories [11]. The ICF categories were designated by the letters b (Body functions, 19 categories), (Body structures, 5 categories), d (Activities and participation, 29 categories), and e (Environmental factors, 25 categories). To evaluate the extent of the patient’s problem in each of the 78 ICF categories contained in the Comprehensive ICF Core Set for LBP, a generic qualifier scale was used. The qualifier scale of the components Body functions, Body structures and Activities and participation has five response categories, each ranging from 0 to 4: no/mild/moderate/severe/complete impairment or difficulty. The qualifier scale of the component Environmental factors has nine response categories ranging from −4 to +4. A specific environmental factor can be a barrier (−1 to −4), a facilitator (1 to 4), or may have no influence (0) on the patient’s life. If the factor has an influence, the extent of the influence (either positive or negative) can be coded as mild/moderate/severe/complete. In addition, there are the response options “8 – not specified” and “9 – not applicable” [8].

The Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) is a self-report questionnaire, assessing pain and problems with functioning related to LBP in 10 domains scored on a 6 point Likert scale with separate wording for each domain (Roland and Fairbank 2000). The domains represent pain intensity, personal activities of daily living, lifting, walking, sitting, standing, sleeping, sexual activity, social activity and traveling. The validated Norwegian version was used (Grotle et al 2003).

The World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule II (WHODAS II) is a self-report questionnaire containing 36 items scored on a 5 point Likert scale from no problems to very large problems/cannot perform. WHODAS II (2001) is validated in order to assess daily functioning within the following six domains; communication, mobility, self-care, interpersonal, life activities, and participation.

Linking ICF to WHODAS II and ODI

In order to compare the content, the items in ODI and WHODAS II were linked to the ICF classification according to the procedures described by Cieza and colleagues (2005). One occupational therapist and one physician performed the linking between the ICF and ODI and WHODAS II. The two professionals performed the linking independently of each other. As the ICF Core Set for LBP comprises categories at the second level, the linked categories were assigned to the second level. Subsequently the health professionals discussed the proposed categories and reached consensus about the final linking. It was then assessed whether these categories were contained in the Comprehensive Core Set for LBP.

Data analysis and statistics

The percentage agreement between the two health professionals in the linking of ICF at the second level to ODI and WHODAS II is reported. The patients’ answers in ODI and WHODAS II were dichotomized for each item with 0 representing no problem and all other scores representing a problem. The percentage of patients reporting a problem in ODI/WHODAS II is reported. The health professionals’ scoring in the Comprehensive ICF Core Set for LBP is also categorized for each category with 0 representing no problem and all other scores representing a problem.

The percentage of patients who were scored by the health professional as having problems in the ICF categories contained in the Comprehensive ICF Core Set for LBP are also given. The percentage of the problems reported by the patients that were captured by the health professionals’ scores in each category of the Comprehensive ICF Core Set were calculated. When the ICF categories were linked to several items in ODI and WHODAS II, correspondence for each item is given within the components of body functions, activity and participation. Confidence intervals (CI) are also calculated for all the percentages. Even though some of the environmental categories could be linked to items in ODI and WHODAS II they are only related to the problems and not actually representing them. Thus, we did not find it meaningful to compare the subjects reported problems in the items in ODI or WHODAS II to the scored problems in the linked environmental categories. Median duration of disease with interquartile range (IQR) is given. Mean ODI score and standard deviation (SD) is given. Data analysis was undertaken using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (release 14.0; SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL).

Results

The patients mean age was 47 (SD 12) years, 52% (n = 63) women participated. Twenty three subjects lived alone, and 50% of the subjects were retired due to LBP. Seventy six percent had chronic, 13% acute and 11% subacute LBP. Forty eight percent were outpatients, 44% inpatients and 8% day clinic patients. One percent had three or more surgical interventions, 75% had had no surgery. Median duration of LBP was sxi months (IQR 45 months). Six percent had radiculopathy (ICD 10 classification M54.1), 4% sciatica (M54.3), 18% lumbago with sciatica (M54.4), 64% LBP (M54.5) and 8% spinal stenosis (M48.0). Twenty three percent had had at least one surgical intervention due to LBP and 62% had been hospitalized once due to LBP. Thirteen percent of the patients had acute, 12% subacute and 76% chronic back pain conditions. The mean ODI score for the present population was 33% (SD 12%).

Linking ICF to WHODAS II and ODI

All together 56 categories in the ICF were linked. Nineteen categories were linked to ODI, covering all its items. Forty seven categories were linked to WHODAS II, covering 30 of the 36 items in WHODAS II. For ODI the two raters agreed on 89% of categories. That is, seventeen of the categories for ODI were suggested by both health professionals, and two additional categories included after the consensus. For WHODAS II, the raters agreed on 91% of the categories, with 43 categories suggested by both health professionals. Seven categories were not originally suggested from both health professionals, of these, four were included after consensus.

The items in WHODAS II that was not linked to ICF were Staying by oneself within the Self-care domain which did not represent any substantial problem for this LBP population. However the other five non-linked items were within the Participation component and represented considerable problems for these patients (Table 1).

Table 1.

The items in WHODAS II that could not be linked to specific categories in the ICF. Percentage of patients reporting problems in these items given

Items in WHODAS II	Reported problems by the patients (%)	Linking to ICF
Self-care
Staying by oneself for some days	17 (10–24)	Not covered
Participation
Barriers or hindrances in the world around	49 (40–58)	Environmental factors not specified
Living with dignity because of the attitudes and actions of others	44 (35–54)	Environmental factors chapter 4
Time spent on health condition	97 (94–100)	Not covered
Drain on financial resources	72 (64–80)	Not covered
Problems for the family	74 (66–82)	Not covered

Abbreviations: ICF, International Classification of Functioning; WHODAS II, World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule II.

Linked ICF categories covered by the Comprehensive ICF Core Set for LBP

For ODI, all the linked ICF categories were contained in the Comprehensive ICF Core Set for LBP (Tables 2 and 3). Twenty four of the 47 linked categories were contained with respect to WHODAS II. As several of the items in WHODAS II were linked to more than one ICF category, this resulted in additionally 11 items in WHODAS II not being covered by the Comprehensive ICF Core Set for LBP (Tables 2, 3 and 4). The frequency of reported problems by the patients for the items in WHODAS II not contained in the Comprehensive ICF Core Set for LBP ranged from 3 to 53% (Tables 2, 3 and 4). Most important was that 53% of the patients reported problems with remembering to do important things and 50% with finding solutions to problems in daily life. These problems may be linked to ICF categories b144 Memory functions and b164 Higher-level cognitive functions, which were not included in the present ICF Core Set. Within the environmental factors The ICF categories e115 Products and technology for personal use in daily living and e520 Open space planning, services and polices were not included in the Core Set, but only the latter represented a problem to the present patients (Table 4).

Table 2.

Percentage of patients (CI) reporting problems in the items of ODI and WHODAS II linked to ICF categories in the component of body functions. Percentage of patients (CI) having problems as reported by the health professionals in the Comprehensive ICF Core Set for LBP. The linked ODI items are named. The linked WHODAS II items are denoted by their numbers; the corresponding item text is found in Appendix 1

ICF categories	Patients’ self-reported problems in ODI (%)	Patients’ self-reported problems in WHODAS II (%)	Problems as reported by the Health professionals in ICF Core Set LBP (%)
b134 Sleep functions	89 (83–95) Sleeping		69 (58–76)
b140 Attention functions		36 (27–45) D1.1
b144 Memory functions		53 (44–62) D1.2
b152 Emotionally affected by the health condition		96 (92–100) D6.5	42 (33–51)
b164 Higher-level cognitive functions		50 (41–59) D1.3
b167 Mental functions of language		23 (15–31) D1.5
b280 Sensation of pain	97 (94–100) Pain		91 (86–96)
b640 Sexual functions	66 (57–75) Sex life	55 (46–64) D4.5	14 (7–21)

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; ICF, International Classification of Functioning; LBP, low back pain; ODI, Oswestry Disability Index; P.care, personal care; WHODAS II, World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule II.

Table 3.

Percentage of patients (CI) reporting problems in the items of ODI and WHODAS II linked to ICF categories in the component of activities and participation. Percentage of patients (CI) having problems as reported by the health professionals in the Comprehensive ICF Core Set for LBP. The linked ODI items are named. The linked WHODAS II items are denoted by their numbers; the corresponding item text is found in Appendix 1

ICF categories	Patients’ self-reported problems in ODI (%)	Patients’ self-reported problems in WHODAS II (5)	Problems as reported by the health professionals in ICF Core Set LBP (%)
d155 Acquiring skills		35 (26–44) D1.4
d160 Focusing attention		36 (27–45) D1.1
d175 Solving problems		50 (41–59) D1.3
d310 Communicating with spoken messages		23 (15–31) D1.5
d330 Speaking		27 (19–35) D1.6
d350 Conversation		27 (19–35) D1.6
d410 Changing basic body position		90 (85–95) D2.2	76 (68–84)
d415 Maintaining a body position	93 (88–98) Sitting	90 (85–95) D2.1	97 (93–100)
	96 (92–100) Standing
d430 Lifting and carrying objects	96 (92–100) Lifting		78 (70–86)
d450 Walking	55 (46–64) Walking	61 (52–70) D2.5	50 (41–59)
d460 Moving around in different locations	55 (46–64) Walking	47 (38–56) D2.3	37 (28–46)
d465 Moving around using equipment	55 (46–64) Walking		40 (31–49)
d470 Using transportation	91 (86–96) Traveling		39 (30–48)
d475 Driving	91 (86–96) Traveling		40 (31–49)
d510 Washing oneself	37(28–46) P. care	41 (32–50) D3.1	20 (13–27)
d520 Caring for body parts	37(28–46) P. care
d530 Toileting	37 (28–46) P. care		12 (6–18)
d540 Dressing	37 (28–46) P. care	47 (38–56) D3.2	28 (20–36)
d550 Eating		3 (0–6) D3.3
d620 Acquisition of goods and services		67 (58–76) D5.1	33 (25–42)
d630 Preparing meals		67 (58–76) D5.1	26 (18–34)
d640 Doing housework		67 (58–76) D5.1	74 (66–82)
d650 Caring for household objects		67 (58–76) D5.1	51 (42–60)
d660 Assisting others		67 (58–76) D5.1	34 (25–43)
d720 Complex interpersonal interactions		28 (20–36) D4.3
		39 (30–48) D4.2
		43 (34–52) D.4.4
d730 Relating with strangers		30 (22–38) D4.1
d750 Informal social relationship		39 (30–48) D4.2
d760 Family relationship	74 (66–82) Social life	28 (20–36) D4.3	13 (7–19)
d770 Intimate relationships	74 (66–82) Social life	28 (20–36) D4.3	17 (10–24)
d820 School education		84 (76–92) D5.5
d825 Vocational training		84 (76–92) D5.5
d830 Higher education		84 (76–92) D5.5
d840 Work preparation		84 (76–92) D5.5
d845 Acquiring, keeping, terminating a job		84 (76–92) D5.5	46 (37–55)
d850 Remunerative employment		84 (76–92) D5.5	72 (64–80)
d855 Nonremunerative employment		84 (76–92) D5.5
d910 Community life	74 (66–82) Social life	69 (61–77) D6.1	38 (29–47)
d920 Recreation and leisure	74 (66–82) Social life	73 (65–81) D6.8	79 (72–86)
d950 Political life		69 (61–77) D6.1

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; ICF, International Classification of Functioning; LBP, low back pain; ODI, Oswestry Disability Index; P.care, personal care; WHODAS II, World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule II.

Table 4.

Percentage of patients reporting problems in the items of ODI and WHODAS II linked to ICF categories. Percentage of patients reported by the health professionals to have barriers or facilitators in the linked ICF categories contained in the Comprehensive ICF Core Set for LBP. The linked ODI items are named. The linked WHODAS II items are denoted by their numbers; the corresponding item text is found in Appendix 1

ICF categories	Linked to ODI (%)	Linked to WHODAS II (%)	Barriers or facilitators as reported by the health professionals in ICF Core Set LBP (%)
e110 Products or substances for personal consumption		3 (0–6) D3.3	10 (4–16)
e115 Products and technology for personal use in daily living		3 (0–6) D3.3
e120 Products and technology for personal indoor and outdoor mobility and transportation	91 (86–96) Traveling	47 (38–56) D2.3	4 (0–8)
	55 (46–64) Walking
e155 Design, construction and building products and technology, private use		47 (38–46) D2.3	3 (0–6)
e310 Immediate family		28 (20–36) D4.3	13 (6–19)
e520 Open space planning, services and policies		47 (38–56) D2.3
e540 Transportation services, systems and polices	91(86–96) Traveling		9 (4–14)
e585 Education and training services, systems and polices		84 (76–92) D5.5	5 (0–9)
e590 Labor and employment services, systems and policies		84 (76–92) D5.5	15 (8–22)

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; ICF, International Classification of Functioning; LBP, low back pain; ODI, Oswestry Disability Index; WHODAS II, World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule II.

Correspondence of patients reported problems in ODI and WHODAS II and the health professionals’ scores in the Comprehensive ICF Core Set for LBP

The problems reported by the patient in ODI, were captured by the health professionals’ scores in the linked ICF categories with a frequency of 11% to 98% (Table 4). The lowest frequency represented sexual functions (11%). Otherwise the problems in body functions were captured by the health professionals with a frequency of 74% for b134 Sleep functions and 98% for b280 Sensation of pain. Problems in the ODI item walking was captured with a frequency of 41% to 56% dependent of which of the three linked ICF categories that were evaluated (Table 5). For the item travel, the problems were captured in 37% to 38% of the cases for the two linked categories, respectively. Personal ADL was linked to three categories and problems captured by 10% to 34%, whereas social function was linked to three categories which captured problems with a frequency of 13% to 81%. The problems reported by the patient in WHODAS II, were captured by the health professionals’ scores in the linked ICF categories with a frequency of 13% to 97% (Table 6). Activities like standing, standing up and walking were generally captured by the health professionals, with a frequency from 66% to 97%. However, problems with washing and dressing were missed to a larger extent and only noticed with a frequency of 27% and 30%, respectively. For participation related problems, the items in WHODAS II were generally wider and linked to several ICF categories. When the linked ICF category was close in wording or concept to the question in WHODAS II like d640 Doing housework or d850 Remunerative work, the health professionals captured the problems with a frequency of 80% and 78%, respectively. Problems with relationship were only captured in 21%, whereas community integration was assessed with a frequency of 41% to 82% depending on the linked category (Table 6).

Table 5.

Percentage of patients reporting a problem in the ODI captured by the Health Professional (HP) score in the linked ICF categories

ICF category	Captured by HP (%)	Item in ODI
b134 Sleep functions	74	Sleeping
b280 Sensation of pain	98	Pain
b640 Sexual function	11	Sex
d415 Maintaining a body position	97	Standing
	94	Sitting
d430 Lifting and carrying objects	81	Lifting
d450 Walking	56	Walking
d460 Moving around in different locations	42	Walking
d465 Moving around using equipment	41	Walking
d470 Using transportation	37	Travel
d475 Driving	38	Travel
d510 Washing oneself	21	Personal ADL
d530 Toileting	10	Personal ADL
d540 Dressing	34	Personal ADL
d760 Family relationship	13	Social function
d770 Intimate relationship	17	Sex
d910 Community life	34	Social function
d920 Recreation and leisure	81	Social function

Abbreviations: ADL, activities of daily living; ICF, International Classification of Functioning; ODI, Oswestry Disability Index.

Table 6.

Percentage of patients reporting a problem in the WHODAS II captured by the Health Professional (HP) score in the linked ICF categories

ICF category	Captured by HP (%)	Items in WHODAS II
b152 Emotional functions	73	D6.5 Emotionally affected by the condition
b640 Sexual function	15	D4.5 Sexual activities
d410 Changing basic body position	76	D2.2 Standing up from sitting down
d415 Maintaining a body position	97	D2.1 Standing for long periods
d450 Walking	65	D2.5 Walking a long distance
d460 Moving around in different locations	42	D2.3 Moving around inside your home
d510 Washing oneself	27	D3.1 Washing
d540 Dressing	30	D3.2 Getting dressed
d620 Acquisition of goods and services	38	D5.1 Taking care of household
d630 Preparing meals	32	D5.1 Taking care of household
d640 Doing housework	80	D5.1 Taking care of household
d650 Caring for household objects	55	D5.1 Taking care of household
d660 Assisting others	39	D5.1 Taking care of household
d760 Family relationship	13	D4.3 Getting along with people close
d770 Intimate relationship	13	D4.3 Getting along with people close
d845 Acquiring, keeping, terminating a job	40	D5.5 Day to day work/school
d850 Remunerative employment	78	D5.5 Day to day work/school
d910 Community life	41	D6.1 Joining in community activities
d920 Recreation and leisure	82	D6.8 Problems doing things for relaxation

Abbreviations: ICF, International Classification of Functioning; WHODAS II, World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule II.

Discussion

All items in the ODI could be linked to the ICF and were also contained in the Comprehensive ICF Core Set for LBP. With respect to WHODAS II, some of the items in the participation domain could not be linked to the ICF, and several of the linked items were not contained in the Comprehensive ICF Core Set. When the patients reported problems within body functions, this was captured in above three quarter of the cases by the health professional with exception of problems with sexual functions. The patients’ problems in activities and participations were generally also well reflected in the health professionals’ scores. Surprisingly some of the problems in activities of daily living were an exception and poorly detected by the health professionals.

The development of the Comprehensive Core Set for LBP is based on a systematic review of the concepts in the outcome measurements for LBP (Brockow et al 2004), an empirical study (Ewert et al 2004) and a Delphi process with health professionals (Weigl et al 2004). In addition a formal consensus was performed (Cieza et al 2004). Based on this thorough approach, one would assume that the major problems of patients with LBP should be covered. The present results could also be taken in account for this view. On the other hand, some problems reported by a high number of the present patients were uncovered. This problem applies partly to the ICF classification and partly to the reduction of ICF categories in the present Comprehensive ICF Core Set. Our results indicate that patients with LBP experience the time spent on the health condition as a burden. The time dimension is not covered in the classification. Probably even more important is the consequences for the patients’ economy. Although not directly linked to drain on the financial resources item, we would suggest that the ICF categories d870 Economic self-sufficiency and e165 Assets may represent part of this problem and should be candidates for the Comprehensive ICF Core Set for LBP. The present patients also experience to be a burden to their families. This lack of the subjective dimension and autonomy in the ICF has also previously been criticized (Ueda and Okawa 2003; Hemmingsson and Jonsson 2005).

These aspects must first be handled by the ICF classification and does not directly apply to the development of the ICF Core Sets. It is worth to realize this shortcoming when applying the Comprehensive ICF Core Set for LBP in practice.

The present results also indicate that some important problems covered by the ICF classification disappear in the reduction of categories for the Comprehensive ICF Core Set for LBP. As many as 23 of the 47 categories linked to WHODAS II was left out, leaving 11 additional items in WHODAS II uncovered. Several of these items did not represent problems to the LBP patients, however, memory and cognitive problems was reported with a high frequency. Thus even though disorders in the low back is not considered to affect cognitive functions, it is well known that chronic pain may influence cognition (Jamison et al 1988; Glass and Park 2001). These aspects should therefore be taken into consideration in a revised Comprehensive ICF Core Set.

Resources and limitations in the environment is an aspect not taken much into consideration in the clinical assessment of LBP (Grotle et al 2005). Very few environmental aspects are included in clinical outcome measures for LBP, and when included, only as barriers. Hence comparison with the Comprehensive Core Set for LBP was difficult. We suggest that the inclusion of environmental factors in the Comprehensive Core Set for LBP represents an improvement to clinical practice. Physical as well as social barriers are important to identify, but facilitator are also to be noted. Several studies also document the importance of environmental resources for function and quality of life in patients with chronic diseases (Fisher and Weihs 2000; Grey et al 2006; Koleck et al 2006). Introducing the environmental factors into clinical practice in a systematic way, was regarded important by the health professionals scoring the patients’ problems in the present study. Hence, there is a challenge to include the environmental factors in the development of outcome measures within this field.

We wanted to assess to which extent the health professional capture the individual patients’ reported problems when they score the Comprehensive ICF Core Set for LBP. Comparing health professionals’ scoring of patients’ problems and the patients’ self-reported problems is methodologically challenging (Perreault and Dionne 2006). The patients’ reported problems may be influenced by their expectation of what they think might be of interest to the health professionals (Nordin et al 1998). The problems communicated by the patient may not be received or interpreted correctly by the health professionals (Parkin and Skinner 2003). The health professionals may be biased by their medical perspective of the consequences of LBP. In addition, the instruments used by the health professionals are not identical to the patients’ self-report questionnaires. All these considerations also apply to the validation of this ICF Core Set for LBP. In addition, one single item of the ODI or WHODAS II was often linked to several categories in the Comprehensive ICF Core Set. Thus, the Comprehensive ICF Core Set represents a more detailed description of the problems in the different areas. The Comprehensive ICF Core Set represents a broader perspective to the problems of the LBP patients, as was the intention for the development of the ICF (WHO 2001).

On the other hand, the ICF categories could be linked to several items in ODI and WHODAS II, indicating that there is no complete overlap between the items and corresponding ICF categories. Thus, it is not surprising that the health professionals capture the patients’ problems with a variable degree. Furthermore, function within some of the categories in ICF is observable, whereas other categories rely on patients’ or other clinical information which may influence agreement. It is then worth to note the poor ability with which sexual problems and problems with intimate relationships were captured in the present study, whereas most other problems were noted to a much larger degree. Hence, the nature of the problem more than the differences in the content of items and corresponding ICF categories may explain this bias. Nevertheless it is important that the patients’ problems are retained in instruments administered by health professionals, even though disagreement may be expected for several reasons.

ODI is scored on a six point Likert scale whereas WHODAS II and the Comprehensive ICF Core Set for LBP are scored on five point scales. The scorings were dichotomised into a problem or not. This cut off can be questioned and certainly makes it difficult to evaluate the correspondence between health professionals and patients’ agreement on the severity of problems. This is an important aspect which should be investigated by proper methods in further research. The extent to which the health professionals captured the patients’ reported problems varied considerably. The correspondence was higher for physical functions than for the emotional and relational aspects, as well as for sexual function. Problems with physical function may be easier to observe and assess in the clinical situation. There may be a discrepancy in perspectives between the clinicians’ general knowledge about a disorder like LBP and the patients’ specific, self-experienced knowledge. The health professionals may be using their own norms when evaluating phenomenon like concentration and participation in the community, whereas the patients may have lower requirements for these functions. Nevertheless, emotional and sexual problems may influence quality of life, and an improvement in assessing these aspects is needed in clinical practice. Qualitative methodology may be needed in order to guide development of better assessment strategies for these aspects.

A convenience sample of patients was included, and the exact eligible numbers not recorded. This strategy may have influenced the results. Nevertheless the sample seemed to report comparable pain and disability with previous Norwegian studies with representative populations (Holm et al 2003; Storheim et al 2003; Grotle et al 2006). Furthermore, intra- and inter-rater reliability was not investigated regarding the ICF scoring in the present study. However, fair reliability is reported for the ICF Core Set for rheumatoid arthritis (Uhlig et al 2007).

Conclusion

The Comprehensive ICF Core Set for LBP covers most of the items in ODI and WHODAS II in areas where patients report significant problems with some exceptions. The subjective dimension related to the impact of the health condition as well as the feeling of being a burden to their family appeared to be important to these patients and not covered in the ICF. Problems with sexual functions and relationship were poorly reflected in the health professionals’ scores in the Comprehensive ICF Core Set for LBP. In clinical practice it is a challenge to assess the individual patients’ broad spectrum of problems precisely.

Appendix 1

The items eligible for linking in WHODAS II (2001)

World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule II

D1.1 Concentrating on doing something for ten minutes

D1.2 Remembering to do important things

D1.3 Analyzing and finding solutions to problems in day to day life

D1.4 Learning a new task, for example, learning how to get to a new place

D1.5 Generally understanding what people say

D1.6 Starting and maintaining a conversation?

D2.1 Standing for long periods such as 30 minutes

D2.2 Standing up from sitting down

D2.3 Moving around inside your home

D2.4 Getting out of your home

D2.5 Walking a long distance such as a kilometre (or equivalent)

D3.1 Washing your whole body

D3.2 Getting dressed

D3.3 Eating

D3.4 Staying by yourself for a few days

D4.1 Dealing with people you do not know

D4.2 Maintaining a friendship?

D4.3 Getting along with people who are close to you

D4.4 Making new friends

D4.5 Sexual activities

D5.1 Taking care of your household responsibilities

D5.2 Doing most important household tasks well

D5.3 Getting all the household work done that you needed to do

D5.4 Getting your household work done as quickly as needed

D5.5 Your day to day work/school

D5.6 Doing your most important work/school tasks well

D5.7 Getting all the work done that you need to do

D5.8 Getting your work done as quickly as needed

D6.1 How much of a problem did you have in joining in community activities (for example, festivities, religious or other activities) in the same way as anyone else can?

D6.2 How much of a problem did you have because of barriers or hindrances in the world around you?

D6.3 How much of a problem did you have living with dignity because of the attitudes and actions of others?

D6.4 How much time did you spend on your health condition, or its consequences?

D6.5 How much have you been emotionally affected by your health condition?

D6.6 How much has your health been a drain on the financial resources of you or your family?

D6.7 How much of a problem did your family have because of your health problems?

D6.8 How much of a problem did you have in doing things by yourself for relaxation or pleasure?