Abstract
Objective
To define the relations between age, sex, lower limb symptoms, and the presence of trunk varicose veins on clinical examination.
Design
Cross sectional population study.
Setting
12 general practices with catchment areas geographically and socioeconomically distributed throughout Edinburgh.
Participants
An age stratified random sample of 1566 people (699 men and 867 women) aged 18-64 selected from the computerised age-sex registers of participating practices.
Main outcome measures
Self administered questionnaire on the presence of lower limb symptoms and physical examination to determine the presence and severity of varicose veins.
Results
Women were significantly more likely than men to report lower limb symptoms such as heaviness or tension, swelling, aching, restless legs, cramps, and itching. The prevalence of symptoms tended to increase with age in both sexes. In men, only itching was significantly related to the presence and severity of trunk varices (linear test for trend, P=0.011). In women there was a significant relation between trunk varices and the symptoms of heaviness or tension (P⩽0.001), aching (P⩽0.001), and itching (P⩽0.005). However, the level of agreement between the presence of symptoms and trunk varices was too low to be of clinical value, especially in men.
Conclusions
Even in the presence of trunk varices, most lower limb symptoms probably have a non-venous cause. Surgical extirpation of trunk varices is unlikely to ameliorate such symptoms in most patients.
Key messages
In this population survey women were more likely than men to report a wide range of lower limb symptoms
In men, only itching was significantly related to the presence of trunk varices
In women there was a significant relation between trunk varices and heaviness or tension, aching, and itching
The level of agreement between the presence of symptoms and trunk varices is probably too low to be clinically useful
A thorough clinical history and examination should be carried out before surgery
Introduction
Varicose veins are commonly stated to be responsible for a wide range of lower limb symptoms such as heaviness, swelling, aching, restless legs, cramps, itching, and tingling.1–5 The presence of one or more of these symptoms, together with clinical or ultrasound evidence of main stem saphenous reflux, is generally accepted as an indication for surgery. Epidemiological studies have suggested that up to 15% of men and 25% of women have visible varicose veins.6 Although it has not been studied, an equally large proportion of the adult population may be affected by various lower limb symptoms. A cause and effect relation between uncomplicated trunk varices and lower leg symptoms has not been proved, and little evidence exists that removing varicose veins ameliorates any of these symptoms.7
The relation between lower limb symptoms and varicose veins is not just of academic interest but is of direct clinical and economic importance to the NHS. More than 50 000 varicose vein operations are performed each year in England and Wales,8 and the direct annual cost to the NHS of treating chronic venous insufficiency is estimated at £400-600m.9 Although varicose vein surgery is generally straightforward, complications can occur, including recurrence, and it should not be performed for inappropriate indications. Despite this, few epidemiological studies have investigated the full range of venous symptoms and signs in the general population.10 Most studies have been restricted to ulceration11 or to specific subject groups12 rather than a true cross section of the general population.
The primary aim of the Edinburgh vein study was to conduct a detailed population survey of the prevalence of all grades of venous disease in a randomly selected, age stratified sample of the adult population. This paper examines the relation between age, sex, lower limb symptoms, and the presence and severity of varicose veins on clinical examination.
Participants and methods
The Edinburgh vein study is a cross sectional survey of men and women aged 18 to 64 years resident in Edinburgh, Scotland. An age stratified random sample was selected from the computerised age-sex registers of 12 general practices with catchment areas geographically and socioeconomically distributed throughout the city. We estimated that a total sample size of 1500 participants was needed to detect a significant difference in prevalence between groups and to enable a subsequent follow up study to be conducted.
Equal numbers of men and women were invited to participate in the study; 21.3% of the initial invitations were sent to subjects in each of the four 10-year age bands (25-34, 35-44, 45-54, 55-64 years) and 14.8% to subjects in the youngest age band (18-24 years), which spanned seven years. Of 2912 people contacted, 1566 participated giving a response rate of 53.8%. The response rate increased with age and was slightly higher in women than men. Overall, the ethnic origin and social class of participants were similar to those of the general Edinburgh population except that a slightly higher proportion of participants were from the upper socioeconomic classes (social class I 10.8% v 8.5%; class II 37.0% v 30.4%). Follow up of a sample of 194 non-respondents suggested that participants were more likely to have a history of diagnosed venous disease than the general population. Details of the methods and response rate in the study have been reported.13 Local ethics committee approval for the study was granted and informed consent was obtained from each participant.
Subjects were invited to attend a research clinic at the University of Edinburgh on specific evenings and weekdays between May 1994 and April 1996. The clinic was staffed by one or more members of a research team comprising a nurse, technician, and medically qualified research fellow. Home visits were offered to those unable to attend. Participants completed a self administered questionnaire, which was then checked by a member of the research team. This questionnaire included a detailed inquiry into the presence of various symptoms which are often attributed to venous disease: heaviness or tension, a feeling of swelling, aching, restless legs, cramps, itching, and tingling. To determine intrasubject variability the symptom questionnaire was circulated twice to 62 people within this university department six weeks apart. Kappa values for intrasubject variability ranged from 0.42 (moderate) for tingling to 0.92 (almost perfect) for heaviness or tension.
After the participants had completed the questionnaire both legs were examined. The method of classification of venous disease was adapted from that used in the Basel study (table 1).14 Patients were examined standing after a delay of two minutes. Varices were graded 1 to 3 according to the “degree and extent of tortuosity and prominence of the veins” as previously described.13 Reference photographs were reviewed periodically as a reminder of the classifications, and the reliability of the observers in grading varicose veins from photographs was reviewed regularly throughout the study.
Table 1.
Classification used for examination of legs in Edinburgh vein study (adapted from Widmer14)
| Category | Definition |
|---|---|
| Trunk varices | Dilated, tortuous trunks of the long or short saphenous vein or their first or second order branches |
| Reticular varices | Dilated, tortuous, subcutaneous veins not belonging to the main trunk or its major branches |
| Hyphenweb varices | Intradermal varices (venous telangiectasia) |
All three categories were graded depending on the degree and extent of tortuosity and prominence of veins by using standard reference photographs
All data were entered on to a computer database and transferred to the Edinburgh University main frame computer for statistical analysis with spss-x and sas statistical packages. The relation between the symptoms and either age group or clinical grade of venous disease was assessed by the Mantel-Haenszel test for linear trend. The GENMOD procedure and a macro (GLIMMIX), both from the SAS Institute, were used to fit generalised linear models in order to adjust the prevalences for age.
Results
A total of 1566 people attended for examination, 867 women and 699 men. The mean age of the participants was 44.8 years for women and 45.8 years for men.
The prevalence of many symptoms increased with age (table 2). In men, a feeling of swelling and cramps were significantly associated with increasing age (both P⩽0.001). A feeling of swelling (P=0.02), restless legs (P=0.001), and itching (P=0.045) were all significantly more common in older women than younger women. Subsequent results were therefore adjusted for age.
Table 2.
Number (percentage) of men and women with leg symptoms by age group
| Leg symptoms | Age (years)
|
P value* | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 18-34 | 35-50 | 51-64 | ||
| Men | n=142 | n=274 | n=283 | |
| Heaviness or tension | 21 (15) | 42 (15) | 49 (17) | >0.05 |
| Feeling of swelling | 3 (2) | 23 (8) | 39 (14) | ⩽0.001 |
| Aching | 43 (30) | 78 (29) | 105 (38) | >0.05 |
| Restless legs | 33 (23) | 45 (16) | 63 (22) | >0.05 |
| Cramps | 38 (27) | 82 (30) | 118 (42) | ⩽0.001 |
| Itching | 28 (20) | 44 (16) | 61 (22) | >0.05 |
| Tingling | 21 (15) | 43 (16) | 48 (17) | >0.05 |
| Women | n=210 | n=323 | n=334 | |
| Heaviness or tension | 51 (24) | 101 (32) | 94 (28) | >0.05 |
| Feeling of swelling | 31 (15) | 84 (26) | 81 (25) | 0.02 |
| Aching | 99 (47) | 182 (57) | 184 (55) | >0.05 |
| Restless legs | 50 (24) | 108 (34) | 143 (43) | 0.001 |
| Cramps | 79 (38) | 131 (41) | 152 (46) | >0.05 |
| Itching | 41 (20) | 85 (27) | 92 (28) | 0.045 |
| Tingling | 44 (21) | 67 (21) | 60 (18) | >0.05 |
Test for linear trend across age groups.
Women were more likely than men to respond positively when asked about the presence of a wide range of lower limb symptoms (table 3). All sex differences were significant at the 1% level except for tingling (P=0.084). The commonest symptom was aching in women (53.8%) and cramps in men (34.0%). The least common symptom was tingling in women (19.8%) and a feeling of swelling in men (9.2%).
Table 3.
Age adjusted prevalence (%) of leg symptoms in men and women
| Leg symptoms | Men (n=699) | Women (n=867) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Heaviness or tension | 16.0 | 28.6 | ⩽0.01 |
| Feeling of swelling | 9.2 | 23.0 | ⩽0.01 |
| Aching | 32.5 | 53.8 | ⩽0.01 |
| Restless legs | 20.0 | 35.1 | ⩽0.01 |
| Cramps | 34.0 | 42.0 | ⩽0.01 |
| Itching | 19.0 | 25.3 | ⩽0.01 |
| Tingling | 16.0 | 19.8 | 0.084 |
As there was no significant difference between right and left legs in any of the variables studied, only data for the right leg are presented in subsequent analyses. Table 4 shows the relation between the presence and grade of trunk varices on clinical examination and the age adjusted prevalence of symptoms in the right legs of men and women. In men, only itching was significantly related to the presence and severity of trunk varices (P=0.011). In contrast, there was a significant relation in women between the presence of trunk varices and heaviness or tension, aching (both P⩽0.001), and itching (P⩽0.005).
Table 4.
Age adjusted prevalence (%) of leg symptoms by presence and grade of trunk varices in the right legs of men and women
| Leg symptoms | Trunk varices
|
P value* | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| None | Grade 1 | Grades 2 or 3 | ||
| Men | n=476 | n=191 | n=32 | |
| Heaviness or tension | 14.1 | 15.7 | 18.7 | >0.1 |
| Feeling of swelling | 6.1 | 7.9 | 14.1 | 0.097 |
| Aching | 28.4 | 27.0 | 27.0 | >0.1 |
| Restless legs | 19.6 | 18.7 | 18.5 | >0.1 |
| Cramps | 30.9 | 31.7 | 37.1 | >0.1 |
| Itching | 15.8 | 18.3 | 37.6 | 0.011 |
| Tingling | 12.4 | 13.2 | 15.8 | >0.1 |
| Women | n=663 | n=174 | n=30 | |
| Heaviness or tension | 22.0 | 36.0 | 54.7 | ⩽0.001 |
| Feeling of swelling | 17.6 | 21.6 | 24.6 | >0.1 |
| Aching | 44.9 | 61.7 | 63.2 | ⩽0.001 |
| Restless legs | 32.6 | 31.9 | 49.6 | >0.1 |
| Cramps | 37.6 | 42.9 | 45.2 | >0.1 |
| Itching | 20.6 | 27.5 | 38.0 | ⩽0.005 |
| Tingling | 15.6 | 17.9 | 17.4 | >0.1 |
Test for linear trend across grade of trunk varices.
We found no significant association between the presence and grade of hyphenweb varices and lower limb symptoms in men (table 5), although there was a slight trend towards an increased feeling of swelling (P=0.070). In women hyphenweb varices were significantly associated with heaviness or tension and a feeling of swelling. No association was found between reticular varices and any lower limb symptom in either sex.
Table 5.
Age adjusted prevalence (%) of leg symptoms by presence and grade of hyphenweb varices in right legs of men and women
| Leg symptoms | Hyphenweb varices
|
P value* | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| None | Grade 1 | Grades 2 or 3 | ||
| Men | n=144 | n=519 | n=36 | |
| Feeling of swelling | 2.6 | 8.2 | 6.0 | 0.070 |
| Women | n=100 | n=707 | n=60 | |
| Heaviness or tension | 18.5 | 25.6 | 41.1 | 0.003 |
| Feeling of swelling | 7.8 | 19.8 | 22.2 | 0.008 |
| Restless legs | 24.9 | 33.6 | 36.9 | 0.080 |
Test for linear trend across grade of hyphenweb varices.
Discussion
Lower limb symptoms such as heaviness or tension, aching, a feeling of swelling, restless legs, cramps, itching, and tingling, which are often attributed to varicose veins, were extremely common in the general population whether or not varices were present. All these symptoms tended to increase with age and (except tingling) were significantly more common in women than in men. The age adjusted prevalence of trunk varices, which we have already reported in detail,15 was higher in men (39.7%) than women (32.2%). Interestingly, in men there was no significant relation between trunk varices and any of the symptoms except itching. Even though there was an apparently strong relation between heaviness or tension, aching, and itching and the presence of trunk varices in women, this may be of limited clinical value. For example, although the linear trend between aching and trunk varices in women was significant (P⩽0.001), aching was present in 45% of women without varices and 63% of those with grade 2 and 3 varices, a difference of only 18%. Thus, not only do many asymptomatic patients have trunk varices on clinical examination but others experience a whole range of lower limb venous symptoms despite having little or no clinical evidence of venous disease. Such patients must be assumed to have either deep venous or non-venous disease to account for their symptoms.
These data are of direct relevance to clinicians and the bodies which fund health care. Although tens of thousands of varicose vein operations are performed in the United Kingdom each year, the scientific basis for this activity is lacking. There is limited evidence to support the contention that lower limb symptoms are caused by venous problems, even when varicose veins are visible, or that operating on simple varicose veins significantly improves these symptoms.7 Furthermore, operating on varicose veins before skin changes have developed has not been proved to reduce the socioeconomic burden of venous ulceration compared with a strategy of postponing surgery until the early skin changes of chronic venous insufficiency become apparent. It is therefore unsurprising that funding bodies in the United Kingdom are becoming increasingly reluctant to pay for the surgical treatment of venous disease.
Who should be treated?
Until the benefits (or lack of benefits) of varicose vein surgery are satisfactorily demonstrated by long term epidemiological and clinical studies, surgeons must attempt to identify those patients who have the most to gain from treatment. Our data suggest that if such decisions are based simply on the nature, severity, and chronicity of symptoms, or the extent and severity of varicosities on clinical examination, they are likely to be unreliable.
A significant proportion of patients with varicose veins seek an opinion because they are primarily concerned about the cosmetic appearance of their veins. Many such patients fear they may be denied treatment, or receive a lower priority, if they do not complain of one or more lower limb symptoms. Taking a careful clinical history and advising a trial of support hosiery may determine which symptoms are of venous origin. However, even among those with genuine symptoms often the only way of establishing whether the patient will benefit from surgery is to operate and await the outcome. This is unsatisfactory, and a better understanding of the complex and inconsistent relations between symptoms and signs in patients with venous disease may allow scarce resources to be more appropriately focused.
In conclusion, the prevalence of so-called venous symptoms is extremely high in the general Edinburgh population, particularly in women. Symptoms are more closely associated with the presence of varices in women than in men, and certain symptoms seem more closely associated with venous disease than others. However, agreement between symptoms and signs in people with varicose veins is so poor that it may be of little value in determining whether symptoms are of venous origin or whether surgery will relieve them. Venous reflux was also measured in this population,16 and its correlation with symptoms will be reported later.
Acknowledgments
Background information was provided by Professor L K Widmer and Dr M-T Widmer. The data were collected by Mrs Eileen Kerracher and Mrs Maggie Carson. Mrs L Haggerty and Mrs A Murray provided secretarial and administrative support; Mr G Didcock and Mr T Blake provided computing support. The general practitioners, practice nurses, support staff and patients of the following Edinburgh general practices participated in the study: Dr White and partners; Milton Surgery; MacKenzie Medical Centre; Ladywell Medical Centre; Bruntsfield Medical Practice; Long House Surgery; Rose Garden Medical Centre; Crewe Medical Centre; Whinpark Medical Centre; Muirhouse Medical Group; and Dr Reid and partners.
Footnotes
Funding: Wellcome Trust.
Competing interests: Limited results from the Edinburgh vein study were provided to a pharmaceutical company, for which the Wolfson Unit received consultancy fees and research funds.
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