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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2010 Mar 1.
Published in final edited form as: Therapy. 2009 May 1;6(3):433–442. doi: 10.2217/thy.09.2

Figure 1. Endosomal TLR and non-TLR signaling pathways.

Figure 1

Binding of endosomal or cytoplasmic nucleic acid ligands leads to the activation of TLR7 or TLR9 (via MyD88, IRAK and TRAF6), TLR3 (via TRIF and TRAF6) and MDA5 or RIG-I (via IPS-1 and STING). The pathways converge at the level of TBK1/IKK leading to activation of the IRF family of transcription factors, the MAPK cascade, and the NF-κB family of transcription factors, cumulatively inducing IFN-1 and inflammatory cytokine production.