10-Hydroxy-2-decenoic Acid, a Major Fatty Acid from Royal Jelly, Inhibits VEGF-induced Angiogenesis in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells

Abstract

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is reported to be a potent pro-angiogenic factor that plays a pivotal role in both physiological and pathological angiogenesis. Royal jelly (RJ) is a honeybee product containing various proteins, sugars, lipids, vitamins and free amino acids. 10-Hydroxy-2-decenoic acid (10HDA), a major fatty acid component of RJ, is known to have various pharmacological effects; its antitumor activity being especially noteworthy. However, the mechanism underlying this effect is unclear. We examined the effect of 10HDA on VEGF-induced proliferation, migration and tube formation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Our findings showed that, 10HDA at 20 µM or more significantly inhibited such proliferation, migration and tube formation. Similarly, 10 µM GM6001, a matrix metalloprotease inhibitor, prevented VEGF-induced migration and tube formation. These findings indicate that 10HDA exerts an inhibitory effect on VEGF-induced angiogenesis, partly by inhibiting both cell proliferation and migration. Further experiments will be needed to clarify the detailed mechanism.

Introduction

Angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels from the pre-existing vasculature, is a highly regulated process that is essential for the development of multicellular organisms (1,2). In the adult, angiogenesis is normally restricted and is predominantly associated with female reproductive functions and wound healing (3,4). Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a key regulator of normal and pathological angiogenesis (5–7). At the cellular level, VEGF stimulation drives multiple responses, including endothelial cell proliferation, migration, survival and permeability (8). Loss of regulation of angiogenesis, resulting in uncontrolled and excessive neovascularization, contributes to the development of many pathologies, including retinopathies, rheumatoid arthritis and tumor growth (9,10).

Royal jelly (RJ), the exclusive food of the larva of the queen honeybee (Apis mellifera), is secreted from the hypopharyngeal and mandibular glands of the worker honeybees mainly between the sixth and twelfth days of their life (11). RJ has been demonstrated to possess several pharmacological activities in experimental animals, including vasodilator and hypotensive activities (12), growth rate increasing activity (13), a disinfectant action (14), antitumor activity (15–17), antihypercholesterolemic activity (18) and anti-inflammatory activity (19). Chemical composition analysis has shown that RJ consists mainly of proteins, sugars, lipids, vitamins and free amino acids (20,21). 10HDA, a major fatty acid component of RJ, has many pharmacological activities, such as antitumor activity (22), size- and lipogenesis-inhibiting activity toward the hamster ear sebaceous gland (23), collagen production promoting activity (24) and antibiotic activity (25). As a consequence, RJ is widely used in commercial medical products, health foods and cosmetics in many countries. However, the mechanisms underlying these activities of RJ, especially the antitumor activity, remain unknown.

Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) is required for migration and invasion by normal and tumor cells. We initially utilized the MMP inhibitor GM6001 to assess the effect of MMP inhibitors on thymocyte development. GM6001, a hydroxylamine-based inhibitor which inhibits many MMP with a Ki in the low nanomolar range, has been reported to reduce the migration of many kinds of cells (26). We used GM6001 as a positive control in the present study.

The purpose here was to evaluate the functional role of 10HDA on human pathology. A number of compounds, including valproic acid (27), sodium butyrate (28) and isomers of conjugated linoleic acid (29), are known to be angiogenesis inhibitors. Here, we examined the effects of 10HDA on VEGF-induced angiogenesis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs).

Methods

Cells and Chemicals

HUVECs, fibroblast cells, endothelial cell basal medium (HuMedia-EB2), fetal bovine serum (FBS), gentamycin, amphotericin B, endothelial growth factors (hEGF, hydrocortisone, hFGF-B and heparin), VEGF, mouse antihuman CD31 antibody, goat antimouse IgG alkaline phosphatase-conjugated antibody, 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl phosphate/nitro blue tetrazolium (BCIP/NBT) and angiogenesis growth medium were purchased from Kurabo (Osaka, Japan). 10HDA was purchased from API Co. Ltd (Gifu, Japan), which was refined from RJ in China. GM6001 was from SIGMA-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Collagen type I was from Kanda Gelatin Tech (Osaka, Japan). Cell Culture Kit-8 was from Dojindo (Kumamoto, Japan).

Cell Cultures

The HUVEC line is the cell model most commonly used to analyze the effects of various drugs and reagents on angiogenesis related to tumor growth and metastasis (30–32). HUVECs were cultured in HuMedia-EB2 (Kurabo) supplemented with 2% (v/v) FBS, 50 µg/ml gentamycin, 50 ng/ml amphotericin B, and endothelial growth factors (10 ng/ml hEGF, 1 µg/ml hydrocortisone, 5 ng/ml hFGF-B and 10 µg/ml heparin) at 37°C in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO₂.

Tube-Formation Assay

To evaluate tube formation by endothelial cells, a HUVECs in vitro angiogenesis kit (Kurabo) was used. HUVECs and fibroblasts were co-cultured in angiogenesis growth medium supplemented with VEGF (10 ng/ml) and/or various concentrations of 10HDA (20–500 µM) or a single concentration of GM6001 (10 µM) at 37°C in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO₂. This stimulation was repeated every 4 days. After 11 days incubation, cells were fixed with 70% ethanol, then stained with mouse antihuman CD31 antibody (1:4000) for 1 h, and thereafter treated with goat antimouse alkaline phosphatase-conjugated antibody (1:500) for 1 h. Then, BCIP/NBT solution was applied until endothelial cells were stained deep purple. Images were collected using a digital camera (COOLPIX 4500, Nikon, Tokyo, Japan). Tube formation was estimated by measurements of joints, path, tube length and tube area using software for tube-formation analysis (Kurabo). Joints mean that two different tubes intersect each other. Path means the number of piece tubes branched from joints. Tube length means the total length joined each tube together. Tube area means the total area measured two dimensionally.

Proliferation Assay

HUVECs were seeded at 2 × 10³ cells/well into a 96-well plate, then incubated for 24 h at 37°C in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO₂ (33). HUVECs were rinsed twice with PBS, then exposed for 6 h to HuMedia-EB2 containing 2% FBS. For stimulation, 10 ng/ml VEGF and 20–500 µM 10HDA were added, and incubation continued for 72 h. Cell proliferation was estimated by measuring cell metabolic activity using a Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) (Dojindo). CCK-8 measures the rate of living cells. WST-8, a component of CCK-8, is converted oxide form of WST-8 by metabolic activity of living cell, and oxide form of WST-8 shows orange color.

In Vitro Wound-healing Assay

An in vitro wound-healing assay was performed to measure unidirectional migration by HUVECs (34). HUVECs were seeded at 4 × 10⁴ cells/well into a 12 well plate, incubated for 48 h at 37°C in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO₂, then washed with PBS twice and incubated in Humedia-EB2 with 1% FBS. After 24 h incubation, the monolayers of HUVECs were scratch wounded to a 1 mm depth in a straight line using a 10–200 µl micro-tip. For stimulation, VEGF (10 ng/ml) and/or 10HDA (500 µM) or GM6001 (10 µM) were added, and incubation continued for 24 h. Images were taken at the time of the wounding and at 24-h intervals thereafter using a phase-contrast microscope (OLYMPUS, Tokyo, Japan). Migration was estimated by counting the cell numbers within the wounded region. Invading cells were counted in a masked fashion by a single observer (H. I.), and taken as migrating cells. For each monolayer sample, four measurements were taken from four fields in each of three independent wounds.

Statistical Analysis

Data are presented as means ± SEM Statistical comparisons were made using a one-way ANOVA followed by a Student's t-test, using STAT VIEW version 5.0 (SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC, USA). A value of P < 0.05 was considered to indicate statistical significance.

Results

VEGF-induced Tube Formation in HUVECs was Suppressed by 10HDA

We first investigated the effects of 10HDA on endothelial tube formation. HUVECs and fibroblasts were co-cultured with VEGF (10 ng/ml) and/or various concentrations of 10HDA (20–500 µM) or GM6001 (10 µM). After 11days incubation, endothelial cells were stained with anti-CD31 antibody. When treated with VEGF, HUVECs became organized into complex tubular networks (Fig. 1A). All tube-formation parameters (joints, path, tube length and tube area) were increased more than 2-fold by VEGF treatment (vs. control) (Fig. 1B). 10HDA decreased VEGF-induced tube formation significantly in a concentration-dependent manner. 10HDA at 20 µM or more inhibited the joints and path parameters of VEGF-induced tube formation, while 10HDA at 500 µM inhibited tube length. However, 10HDA did not affect tube area at any concentration. On the other hand, GM6001 at 10 µM significantly decreased all tube-formation parameters. We observed scattered fragments stained with anti-CD31 antibody in results of tube-formation assay. The fragments were included in each one out of five samples in VEGF treatment group, VEGF and 20 µM 10HDA treatment group, VEGF and 500 µM 10HDA treatment group. The fragments may be artifact and we could not explain it, and therefore we excluded these data included scattered fragments from statistical processing on in vitro tube-formation assay.

Figure 1.

10HDA and MMP inhibitor prevented in vitro tube formation in HUVECs. (A) In vitro tube formation was achieved using an in vitro angiogenesis kit. Briefly, HUVECs and fibroblasts were incubated with VEGF (10 ng/ml) (b–f), together with 10HDA (20 µM) (c), 10HDA (100 µM) (d), 10HDA (500 µM) (e), or GM6001 (10 µM) (f). Then 11 days afterwards, they were stained with anti-CD31 antibody, an endothelial cell marker. Control is shown in (a). Scale bar represents 1 mm. (B) Tube formation was evaluated by measurements of joints, path, tube length and tube area, as described in ‘Methods’. Data represent means and standard error (n = 5). ***P < 0.01 vs. control; *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 vs. vehicle (Student's t-test).

10HDA Prevented Cell Proliferation in HUVECs

Next, we examined whether 10HDA inhibits cell proliferation in HUVECs. As shown in Fig. 2, treatment with VEGF (10 ng/ml) induced HUVEC proliferation, the cell count being two times more than in control. 10HDA at 500 µM inhibited this VEGF-induced cell proliferation significantly, however 20–100 µM 10HDA did not inhibit the cell proliferation.

Figure 2.

10HDA prevented VEGF-induced cell proliferation in HUVECs. HUVECs were incubated with the indicated concentrations of 10HDA in the presence or absence of VEGF (10 ng/ml) for 3 days at 37°C in 5% CO₂ with humidity. Cell proliferation was estimated using a CCK-8. VEGF treatments increased cell viability 2-fold (vs. control). 10HDA at 500 µM had no effect by itself, yet inhibited VEGF-induced proliferation. Data represent means and standard error (n = 6). ***P < 0.01 vs. control, **P < 0.01 vs. vehicle (Student's t-test).

10HDA Suppressed Migration in a Wound-healing Assay

To investigate whether 10HDA inhibits the migration of HUVECs, we performed a wound-healing assay under 1% FBS conditions (Fig. 3A). Briefly, after starvation, HUVECs were scratch wounded and treated with VEGF (10 ng/ml) with or without 10HDA (500 µM) or GM6001 (10 µM). VEGF increased the number of migrated cells 1.76-fold (vs. control). 10HDA and GM6001 reduced this migration to 86.0 ± 2.3% (n = 6) and 82.1 ± 4.6% (n = 6), respectively, of the value obtained in the presence of VEGF (Fig. 3B). However, in the cell migration assay, we detected no abnormalities with 10HDA or GM6001 alone.

Figure 3.

10HDA suppressed cell migration on in vitro wound-healing assay. HUVECs migration was assessed using a wound-healing assay. Briefly, 90% confluent monolayers of HUVECs were scratch wounded, and then incubated for 24 h. (A) Images of wounded monolayer of HUVECs taken at times 0 h and 24 h after treatment with VEGF (10 ng/ml) with or without 10HDA (500 µM) or GM6001 (10 µM). The horizontal lines indicate the wound edge. Wound closure in response to VEGF stimulation was reduced by addition of 10HDA or GM6001. Scale bar represents 500 µm. (B) Migration was estimated by measurement of cell numbers within the wounded region. 10HDA and GM6001 had no effects by themselves, yet decreased VEGF-induced migration (vs. vehicle). Data represent means and standard error (n = 6). ***P < 0.01 vs. control, **P < 0.01 vs. vehicle (Student's t-test).

Discussion

In the present study, we showed that 10HDA at 20 μM or more inhibited VEGF-induced migration, proliferation and tube formation in HUVECs. On the tube formation assay, it was expected that 10HDA mainly inhibited cell migration, because 10HDA inhibited the developmental step included joints and path and the lengthen step included tube length. 10HDA at 500 µM suppressed both cell migration (as did GM6001) and proliferation in HUVECs. These findings indicate that 10HDA may inhibit the VEGF-induced angiogenesis, partly by inhibiting cell migration and proliferation.

In the present study, we used GM6001, a positive control antiangiogenesis compound, and indeed GM6001 at 10 µM inhibited both migration and tube formation in HUVECs. As far as we know, any one did not report about the effects that 10HDA inhibits MMP, however the effects of 10HDA resembled very much with those of GM6001 on cell migration and in vitro tube formation assay. Therefore, we cannot rule out the possibility that 10HDA may inhibit MMPs, likely GM6001.

Angiotensin II, which is produced by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), causes hypertension by constricting resistance vessels. RJ peptides [Ile-Tyr (IY), Val-Tyr (VY), Ile-Val-Tyr (IVY)] have been reported to exhibit vasodilator and hypotensive activities via inhibition of ACE (35). Since angiotensin II stimulates angiogenesis (36) and the migration of retinal microvascular pericytes (37), RJ might be expected to inhibit angiogenesis by inhibiting angiotensin II. Therefore, it will be interesting to study whether 10HDA can inhibit angiotensin II. In the present study, 10HDA inhibited angiogenesis (tube formation in HUVECs), suggesting that RJ (which contains 10HDA) could be a useful food for diseases involving angiogenesis.

We performed this study under restricted conditions, angiogenesis being examined by evaluating VEGF-induced tube formation in HUVECs. However, actual angiogenesis is much more complex. Pro-angiogenic proteins such as VEGF, fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and angiopoietin-1 are balanced by antiangiogenic proteins such as angiopoietin 2, endostatin and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1). When this regulation is eliminated or disrupted in such a way that excessive neovascularization occurs, this may contribute to the development of tumor growth. Therefore, for a proper evaluation of the relationship between the antiangiogenesis and antitumor growth effects of 10HDA, future experiments will need to study the effects of RJ and 10HDA on in vivo angiogenesis models.

In conclusion, this is the first report that 10HDA inhibits in vitro angiogenesis in HUVECs, in part due to its inhibition of both cell proliferation and migration.