Abstract
Objective:
To evaluate the anti-ulcer activity of ethanol extract of leaves of Polyalthia longifolia (Sonn.) Thwaites.
Materials and Methods:
The ethanol extract of Polyalthia longifolia was investigated for its anti-ulcer activity against aspirin plus pylorous ligation induced gastric ulcer in rats, HCl -Ethanol induced ulcer in mice and water immersion stress induced ulcer in rats at 300 mg/kg body weight.p.o.
Results:
A significant (P < 0.01, P < 0.001) anti ulcer activity was observed in all the models. Pylorous ligation showed significant (P< 0.01) reduction in gastric volume, free acidity and ulcer index as compared to control. It also showed 89.71% ulcer inhibition in HCl- Ethanol induced ulcer and 95.3% ulcer protection index in stress induced ulcer.
Conclusion:
This present study indicates that P. longifolia leaves extract have potential anti ulcer activity in the three models tested.
Keywords: Aspirin pylorous ligation ulceration, HCl-Ethanol ulcer, Polyalthia longifolia, stress ulcer
In traditional medicines various herbal preparations are being used for treating duodenal ulcers.[1] Polyalthia longifolia (Sonn.) Thwaites (PL) (Family: Annonaceae) is a tall handsome evergreen tree and it is cultivated all over India. The plant has been used in traditional system of medicine for the treatment of fever, skin diseases, diabetes, hypertension and helminthiasis.[2] A number of biologically active compounds have been isolated from this plant.[3–6] The plant extract and isolated compounds were studied for various biological activities like antibacterial activity, cytotoxicity, antifungal activity.[7–11] The present study was undertaken to evaluate the anti ulcer activity of ethanol extract of P. longifolia (PL) against aspirin plus pylorous ligation induced gastric ulcer, HCl - Ethanol induced ulcer and water immersion stress induced ulcer in rats.
Materials and Methods
Plant material
The leaves of Polyalthia longifolia was collected from Kancheepuram Dist, South India during September 2000 and authenticated by Professor P. Jeyaraman, Plant Anatomy Research Centre, Tambaram, Chennai-45. The specimen voucher was deposited in the Asthagiri Herbal Research Foundation [AHRF 09] Chennai-59.
The leaves of P. longifolia were air-dried and powdered plant material was extracted by maceration with ethanol for 72h. The extract was concentrated using rotary vacuum to get the solid mass. The yield obtained was 13.73%. The extract, ranitidine, sucralfate and omeprazole were suspended in 1% sodium carboxy methyl cellulose (SCMC) and used for anti-ulcer studies.
Animals
Wistar albino rats of both sex and Swiss albino mice were obtained from Tamil Nadu Veterinary College and Research Institute, Chennai. The animals were housed in polypropylene cages at 24±2°C and fed with commercial pellet diet and water ad libitum. All animal experiments were carried out in accordance with the guidelines of CPCSEA and the study was approved by the Institutional Animal Ethics Committee.
Acute oral toxicity studies
A safe oral dose of the extract was determined by acute oral toxic class method of Organization of Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD) as per 423 guidelines.[12] The plant reported to contain the antiulcerogenic principle liriodenine and annonains. So the present study followed three approaches of antiulcerogenic mechanism of the plant extract:
Aspirin plus pylorus ligation induced gastric ulcer in rats (antisecretory mechanism).
HCl - Ethanol induced ulcer (cytoprotective mechanism).
Water immersion stress induced ulcer in rats (proton pump inhibition mechanism).
For each model the corresponding standard drug such as ranitidine, sucralfate and omeprazole was used.
Aspirin plus pylorus ligation induced gastric ulcer in rats
The Wistar albino rats weighing 100-200 g of either sex were divided into 3 groups, each group consists of 6 animals. All the animals received 200 mg/kg of aspirin once daily for three days. Group 1 served as control received 1.0 ml/kg p.o 1% SCMC, group 2 treated with 50 mg/kg, p.o ranitidine as standard, group 3 treated with 300 mg/kg, p.o. ethanol extract of PL. On the fourth day pylorus part was ligated following 36h fasting.[13] Four hours after the pyloric ligation the animals were sacrificed by decapitation. The stomach was opened and the ulcer index was determined.[14] The gastric content was titrated against 0.01 N NaOH to find out the free acidity and total acidity.[15]
Ulcer lesion Index method: HCl - Ethanol induced ulcer
Swiss albino mice weighing 24-30 g of either sex were divided into 3 groups, each group consists of 6 animals. Group 1 served as a control received 1.0 ml/kg p.o 1% SCMC, group 2 received 100 mg/kg, p.o sucralfate as standard control; group 3 received 300 mg/kg, p.o ethanol extract of PL. After 1h all the animals were treated with 0.2 ml of HCl - Ethanol mixture p.o (0.3 M Hydrochloric acid and ethanol 60%) to induce gastric ulcer. Animals were sacrificed by cervical dislocation one hour after administration of HCl - Ethanol mixture. The stomach was excised and lesion index was determined by measuring each lesion in mm along its greater length.[16]
Water immersion stress induced ulcer in rats
Stress ulcers were induced by forced swimming in the glass cylinder[17] (height 45 cm, diameter 25 cm) containing water to the height of 35 cm maintained at 25°C for 3h. Animals were fasted for 24h prior to the experiment and divided in to 3 groups with 6 animals in each group. Group 1 received 1.0 ml/kg p.o 1% SCMC as vehicle control, group 2 treated with 20 mg/kg, p.o. omeprazole as standard control, group 3 received 300 mg/kg, p.o ethanol extract of PL. After the drug treatment animals were allowed to swim in water for 3 h. The stomach of each animal was removed and the extent of gastric damage was assessed as described by Alphine and Word.[18]
Statistical analysis
The statistical analysis of all the results was carried out using one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnets multiple comparisons using graph pad in stat 3 and all the results obtained in the study were compared with the vehicle control group.
Results
In aspirin plus pylorous ligation induced gastric ulcer the ethanol extract of PL showed significant (P< 0.01) reduction in gastric volume, free acidity and ulcer score (% ulcer inhibition 53.69) as compared to control [Table 1]. From Table 2 it can be observed that the number of lesions in HCI-Ethanol induced peptic ulcer group was significantly high and the ethanol extract of PL pretreated group depicted marked reduction (P < 0.01) in gastric lesion (% ulcer inhibition 89.71) as compared to control [Table 2].
Table 1.
Effect of ethanol extract of P. longifolia on gastric secretion, acidity, pH and ulcer score in aspirin plus pylorus ligated rats
| Treatment (mg/kg b.wt) | Volume of gastric secretion (ml/100 g) | Free acidity (mEq/l/100 g) | Total acidity (mEq/l/100 g) | pH | Ulcer score | ulcer inhibition (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vehicle control (1%SCMC) | 2.633±0.042 | 225.00±6.124 | 555.00±7.500 | 2.200±0.163 | 3.600±0.200 | - |
| Ranitidine 50 | 1.317±0.172 | 148.75±13.475** | 492.50±20.736* | 3.167±0.166* | 0.166±0.166** | 95.37 |
| P. longifolia 300 | 0.983±0.083** | 135.00±10.782** | 552.50±10.724 | 2.333±0.210 | 1.667.±0.307** | 53.69 |
Values are expressed as mean ± SEM (n=6).
P<0.05
P<0.01 as compared to control
Table 2.
Effect of ethanol extract of P. longifolia against HCl – Ethanol induced gastric lesion in mice (n=6)
| Treatment | Dose (mg/kg b.wt) | Gastric lesion (Mean ± SEM) | Ulcer inhibition (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 1% SCMC | 22.667±3.509 | - |
| Sucralfate | 100 | 1.167±0.5426** | 94.85 |
| P. longifolia | 300 | 2.333±.557** | 89.71 |
P <0.05 as compared to control
In water immersion stress induced ulcer the mean score value of ulcer inhibition was found to be significant (P < 0.001) and the % ulcer inhibition was 95.3 [Table 3].
Table 3.
Effect of ethanol extract of P. longifolia on water immersion stress induced ulcer score value expressed in mean ± SEM in rats (n=6)
| Treatment | Dose (mg/kg b.wt) | Mean ulcer score | Ulcer inhibition (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Vehicle control | 1% SCMC | 143.3 ± 12.01 | - |
| Omeprazole | 20 | 0.0 ± 0.0*** | 100 |
| P. longifolia | 300 | 6.66 ± 2.10*** | 95.3 |
P<0.001 as compared to control
Discussion
In aspirin plus pylorus ligation induced gastric ulcer model the ethanol extracts of P. longifolia reduced the gastric volume, free acidity, total acidity and ulcer index thus showing the anti-secretory mechanism involved in the extracts for their anti-ulcerogenic activity. Ulcer index parameter was used for the evaluation of anti-ulcer activity since ulcer formation is directly related to factors such as gastric volume, free and total acidity. In case of vehicle control, aspirin plus pylorus ligation increased the acid secretion, which in turn caused increase in gastric volume, low pH, increased free and total acidity resulting into increase in ulcer index.[19]
HCl-Ethanol induced gastric damage is possibly through leukotrienes production and 5-lipooxygenase pathway. Prostaglandins also play a role in ethanol-induced ulcer. It has been shown that drugs which are effective against HCI-Ethanol induced gastric lesions can possess gastric mucosal membrane protective action. The protective effect of the extract P. longifolia against the gastric damage may be due to their action against 5-lipooxygenase pathway. The cytoprotective action probably stimulates the prostaglandin synthesis, which in turn protects the gastric mucosa.
Water immersion stress is one of the best models of stress in rats to induce ulcer. The model provides both emotional stress as well as physiological stress to the animal. In case of water immersion induced stress in rats, the extract showed significant (P< 0.001) ulcer inhibition. Preliminary phytochemical investigations showed the presence of alkaloids and terpenoids, hence the antiulcer activity of PL in this experimental model may be due to the above mentioned chemicals. The results indicate that P. longifolia extract produced antiulcerogenic effects possessing antisecretory, cytoprotective and proton pump inhibition mechanism. This study indicates that P. longifolia extract has a potertial anti ulcer activity. However, further study is required to isolate the active molecule responsible for the activity.
Acknowledgments
Authors thank Professor P. Jeyaraman, Plant Anatomy Research Centre, Tambaram, Chennai for providing authentic plant materials.
References
- 1.Chatterjee TK. Herbal options. 3rd ed. Calcutta: Books and Allied (p) Ltd; 2000. pp. 203–56. [Google Scholar]
- 2.Kirtikar KR, Basu BD. Indian medicinal plants. Dehradhun: International Book Distributors; 1995. p. 562. [Google Scholar]
- 3.Wu YC, Duh CY, Wang SK, Chen KS, Yang TH. Two new natural azofluorene alkaloids and a cytotoxic aporphine alkaloids from P. longifolia. J Nat Prod. 1990;53:1327–31. doi: 10.1021/np50071a028. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 4.Zhao GX, Jung JH, Smith DL, Wood KV, McLaughlin JL. Cytotoxic clerodane from P. longifolia. Planta Med. 1991;57:380–3. doi: 10.1055/s-2006-960122. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 5.Chakrabarty M, Amarnath C. A new clerodane type butenolide diterpene from the bark of P. longifolia. J Nat Prod. 1992;55:256–8. [Google Scholar]
- 6.Hara N, Asaki H, Fujimoto Y, Gupta YK, Singh AK, Sahai M. Clerodane and ent-halamane diterpene from Polyalthia longifolia. Phytochemistry. 1995;38:189–94. [Google Scholar]
- 7.Marthanda Murthy M, Subramaniyam M, Hima Bindu M, Annapurna J. Antimicrobial activity of clerodane diterpenoids from Polyalthia longifolia seeds. Fitoterapia. 2005;76:336–9. doi: 10.1016/j.fitote.2005.02.005. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 8.Stévigny C, Bailly C, Quetin-Leclercq J. Cytotoxic and antitumor potentialities of Aporphinoid alkaloids. Curr Med Chem Anticancer Agents. 2005;5:173–82. doi: 10.2174/1568011053174864. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 9.Nair R, Chanda S. Evaluation of Polyalthia longifolia (Sonn) Thw.leaf extract for antifungal activity. J Cell Tissue Res. 2006;6:581–4. [Google Scholar]
- 10.Nair R, Chanda S. Activity of some medicinal plants against certain pathogenic bacterial strains. Indian J Pharmacol. 2006;38:142–4. [Google Scholar]
- 11.Jain AK, Jain A, Jain S, Sikarwar MS, Dubey SK. Hepatoprotective activity of ethanolic extract of leaves of Polyalthia longifolia. Plant Arch. 2006;6:841–2. [Google Scholar]
- 12.Ecobichon DJ. The basis of toxicity testing. New York: CRC Press; 1997. pp. 43–9. [Google Scholar]
- 13.Shay H, Komarov SA, Fels SE, Meraze D, Gruenstein M, Siplet H. A simple method for the uniform production of gastric ulceration. Gastroenterology. 1945;5:43–61. [Google Scholar]
- 14.Ganguly AK, Bhatnagar OP. Effect of bilateral adrenalatomy on production of restraint ulcers in the stomach of albino rats. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 1973;51:748–50. doi: 10.1139/y73-113. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 15.Kulkarni SK. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology. 3rd ed. New Delhi: Vallabh Prakashan; 1999. pp. 148–50. [Google Scholar]
- 16.Yesilada E, Gurbutz I, Ergun E. Effect of Cistus laurifolius L. flowers on gastric and duodenal lesions. J Ethnopharmacol. 1997;55:201–11. doi: 10.1016/s0378-8741(96)01502-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 17.Alder R. In Breakdown in human adaptation to stress. Boston: Martinus Ninjihoff; 1984. p. 653. [Google Scholar]
- 18.Alphine RS, Word JW. Antihistaminic activity and ulceration. Eur J Pharmacol. 1969;6:61–6. doi: 10.1016/0014-2999(69)90066-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 19.Goel RK, Bhattacharya SK. Gastro duodenal mucosal defense and mucosal protective agents. Indian J Expl Biol. 1991;29:701–14. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]