Table 3.
Multivariate adjusted odds ratios (OR) for number of visits with depressive symptoms according to categories of fish intake and omega-3 fatty acids intake (% energy) for all CARDIA participants and stratified by sex.
| Entire cohort | Men | Women | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. of visits with depressive symptoms: |
N | N | N | ||||
| 3 | 206 | 65 | 141 | ||||
| 2 | 328 | 117 | 211 | ||||
| 1 | 701 | 265 | 436 | ||||
| 0 | 2082 | 1034 | 1048 | ||||
| Quintiles of fish intake |
sexXfish p-value=0.19 |
ORa | (95% CI) | OR | (95% CI) | OR | (95% CI) |
| Q1 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Q2 | 0.90 | (0.72–1.12) | 0.76 | (0.53–1.10) | 1.00 | (0.76–1.32) | |
| Q3 | 0.89 | (0.71–1.11) | 0.80 | (0.56–1.15) | 0.94 | (0.70–1.25) | |
| Q4 | 0.81 | (0.65–1.01) | 0.88 | (0.62–1.26) | 0.75 | (0.56–1.01) | |
| Q5 | 0.80 | (0.64–1.01) | 0.89 | (0.62–1.28) | 0.75 | (0.55–1.01) | |
| P for trend | 0.07 | 0.96 | 0.02 | ||||
| Quintiles of EPA |
sexXEPA p-value=0.06 |
||||||
| Q1 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Q2 | 0.83 | (0.66–1.03) | 0.85 | (0.60–1.21) | 0.80 | (0.60–1.07) | |
| Q3 | 0.95 | (0.76–1.18) | 0.75 | (0.52–1.08) | 1.07 | (0.81–1.41) | |
| Q4 | 0.80 | (0.64–1.00) | 0.84 | (0.59–1.20) | 0.76 | (0.57–1.02) | |
| Q5 | 0.75 | (0.60–0.94) | 0.88 | (0.62–1.25) | 0.66 | (0.50–0.89) | |
| P for trend | 0.02 | 0.80 | 0.005 | ||||
| Quintiles of DHA |
sexXDHA p-value=0.13 |
||||||
| Q1 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Q2 | 0.86 | (0.69–1.08) | 0.77 | (0.54–1.10) | 0.92 | (0.69–1.22) | |
| Q3 | 0.89 | (0.72–1.12) | 0.88 | (0.61–1.25) | 0.90 | (0.68–1.20) | |
| Q4 | 0.83 | (0.67–1.04) | 0.95 | (0.67–1.36) | 0.76 | (0.57–1.02) | |
| Q5 | 0.76 | (0.60–0.95) | 0.92 | (0.64–1.32) | 0.66 | (0.49–0.89) | |
| P for trend | 0.03 | 0.85 | 0.002 | ||||
| Quintiles of sum of EPA and DHA intake |
sexX(EPA+DHA) p-value=0.05 |
||||||
| Q1 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Q2 | 0.97 | (0.78–1.20) | 0.76 | (0.53–1.10) | 1.12 | (0.84–1.48) | |
| Q3 | 0.99 | (0.80–1.24) | 1.01 | (0.71–1.43) | 0.98 | (0.74–1.30) | |
| Q4 | 0.81 | (0.65–1.02) | 0.89 | (0.62–1.27) | 0.76 | (0.57–1.02) | |
| Q5 | 0.78 | (0.62–0.99) | 0.91 | (0.64–1.30) | 0.71 | (0.52–0.95) | |
| P for trend | 0.01 | 0.93 | 0.001 | ||||
Odds ratio adjusted for age, race, gender, educational level(<high school, high school, some college, or ≥college graduate), body mass index (continuous), cigarettes/d (continuous), alcohol intake (ml/d) (continuous), total physical activity (continuous), marital status (3 categories: unmarried, married or in a marriage-like relationship, or widowed, separated, divorced, or other), employment status (unemployed, employed), income (≤11,999, 12,000–24,999, 25,000–49,999, or 50,000 and higher), and intakes of linoleic acid (continuous) and folic acid (continuous). Fish intake is further adjusted for energy intake (continuous).