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. 2009 Dec 11;9:256. doi: 10.1186/1471-2180-9-256

Identification and characterization of intervening sequences within 23S rRNA genes from more than 200 Campylobacter isolates from seven species including atypical campylobacters

Akihiro Tazumi 1, Yuki Kakinuma 1, Naoaki Misawa 2, John E Moore 3,✉, Beverley C Millar 4, Motoo Matsuda 1
PMCID: PMC2801512  PMID: 20003340

Abstract

Background

Identification and characterization of intervening sequences (IVSs) within 23S rRNA genes from Campylobacter organisms including atypical campylobacters were carried out using two PCR primer pairs, designed to generate helix 25 and 45 regions.

Results

Only C. sputorum biovar sputorum LMG7975 and fecalis LMG8531, LMG8534 and LMG6728 of a total of 204 Campylobacter isolates (n = 56 C. jejuni; n = 11 C. coli; n = 33 C. fetus; n = 43 C. upsaliensis; n = 30 C. hyointestinalis; n = 4 C. sputorum biovar sputorum; n = 5 C. sputorum biovar fecalis; n = 5 C. sputorum biovar paraureolyticus; n = 10 C. concisus; n = 7 C. curvus) were shown to carry IVSs in helix 25 region. C. sputorum biovar fecalis LMG8531 and LMG8534, interestingly, carried two different kinds of the 23S rRNA genes with and without the IVS, respectively. Consequently, in a total of 265 isolates of 269, including 65 C. lari isolates examined previously, the absence of IVSs was identified in the helix 25 region. In the helix 45 region, all the C. hyointestinalis, C. sputorum and C. concisus isolates were shown not to carry any IVSs. However, the 30 of 56 C. jejuni isolates (54%), 5 of 11 C. coli (45%), 25 of 33 C. fetus (76%), 30 of 43 C. upsaliensis (70%) and 6 of 7 C. curvus (90%) were shown to carry IVSs. In C. jejuni and C. upsaliensis isolates, two different kinds of the 23S rRNA genes were also identified to occur with and without IVSs in the helix 45 region, respectively.

Conclusions

Secondary structure models were also constructed with all the IVSs identified in the present study. In the purified RNA fractions from the isolates which carried the 16S or 23S rRNA genes with the IVSs, no 16S or 23S rRNA was evident, respectively.

Background

Thermophilic Campylobacter species, primarily Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli are the most frequently recognized cause of acute bacterial gastroenteritis in humans in the Western world. In relation to human campylobacteriosis, C. upsaliensis, C. hyointestinalis, C. lari, C. fetus and C. sputorum biovar sputorum have also been demonstrated to be implicated as gastrointestinal pathogens though these are rare [1,2]. These Campylobacter organisms have also been isolated from animals.

Moreover, C. concisus, C. curvus and so on are detected in association with the oral cavity [3]. Alternatively, C. sputorum biovar fecalis is isolated from animals [4]. A multiplex PCR assay has recently developed for the identification of C. coli, C. fetus, C. hyointestinalis subsp. hyointestinalis, C. jejuni, C. lari and C. upsaliensis [5]. Thus, at this time, the genus Campylobacter comprises 18 species [6]

As already shown, the genus Campylobacter is, in general, indicated to carry the three copies of rRNA gene operon [7-9]

In relation to bacterial 23S rRNA genes, the occurrence of intervening sequences (IVSs) [10-12] and the fragmentation of 23S rRNA [13-16] have been demonstrated.

In the genus Campylobacter, the ε-subdivision of the Proteobacteria, the occurrence of internal transcribed spacers was first described in helix 45 region within 23S rRNA gene in two of four C. jejuni, in both C. fetus and in one of two C. upsaliensis strains, when a total of 17 Campylobacter strains (n = 4 C. jejuni; n = 2 C. coli; n = 1 C. lari; n = 2 C. upsaliensis; n = 2 C. fetus; n = 1 C. concisus; n = 1 C. hyointestinalis; n = 1 C. mucosalis; n = 3; C. sputorum) were examined [17]. In addition, three of seven C. jejuni isolates examined were found to carry fragmented 23S rRNA [18]. Moreover, the occurrence of fragmented 23S rRNA correlated with the presence of an IVS within the 23S rRNA genes. It was described that the presence of transcribed spacers is common in Campylobacter spp. (59%; n = 21 C. jejuni and n = 11 C. coli) [19]. All Campylobacter isolates containing transcribed spacers in their 23S rRNA gene sequences produced fragmented 23S rRNAs [19]. Most recently, among 104 strains of C. coli from turkeys, 69 strains harbored IVSs in all three 23S rRNA genes, whereas the other 35 strains lacked IVSs from at least one of the genes [20].

We have already reported the absence of IVSs shown in both the helix 25 (first quarter) and 45 (central) regions within 23S rRNA genes among a total of 65 isolates of C. lari [n = 38 urease-positive thermophilic Campylobacter (UPTC) [21] and n = 27 urease-negative (UN) C. lari] obtained from different sources and in several countries, by using PCR amplification, TA cloning and sequencing procedures [22]. In addition, the intact 23S rRNA was also identified in the C. lari isolates examined, resulting in no production of the fragmented 23S rRNA [22].

Thus, it would be important to clarify the molecular biological entities of the occurrence and the sequence structures of IVSs within the 23S rRNA genes in the much more isolates of several other species than C. lari of the genus Campylobacter including atypical species.

However, studies on molecular characterization and comparative analysis of IVSs within the 23S rRNA genes and these 23S rRNA fragmentations in much more than 200 Campylobacter isolates of C. jejuni, C. coli, C. fetus, and some other atypical Campylobacter species, namely C. upsaliensis, C. hyointestinalis, C. sputorum biovar sputorum, biovar fecalis, biovar paraureolyticus, C. concisus and C. curvus have not yet been reported. Therefore, we aimed to clarify molecular characteristics of IVSs within the 23S rRNA gene sequences and 23S rRNA fragmentations in these campylobacters other than C. lari, which has already been demonstrated not to harbor any IVSs [22]. In addition, the authors wished to comparatively analyze the IVSs among the Campylobacter organisms.

Results

IVSs in the helix 25 region

In the present study, two PCR primer pairs, f-/r-Cl23h25, designed to generate the helix 25 (first quarter) and, f-/r-Cl23h45, the helix 45 (central) regions within the 23S rRNA gene sequences with the 204 Campylobacter isolates were employed.

When PCR was first carried out on the 204 isolates using the primer pair (f-/r-Cl23h25), amplicons were generated. Some of the examples are shown in Fig. 1. Following sequencing and analysis, only the four cases, C. sputorum biovar sputorum LMG7975 and biovar fecalis LMG8531, LMG8534 and LMG6728 isolates, were shown to carry IVSs in the helix 25 region among these isolates of more than 200. The sequence data in the helix 25 region from C. sputorum isolates are aligned in Fig. 2. As shown in Fig. 2, identical IVS occurred in the helix 25 region within 23S rRNA genes from the four C. sputorum isolates. Regarding the three C. sputorum biovar fecalis isolates, moreover, two different kinds of the 23S rRNA genes were identified to occur with and without the IVS, respectively (Fig. 2).

Figure 1.

Figure 1

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Profiles of PCR products amplified with Campylobacter isolates using a primer pair of f-/r-Cl23h25. Lane M, 100 bp DNA ladder (New England Biolabs Inc. England, UK); Lane 1, C. jejuni 81-176; lane 2, C. coli 165; lane 3, C. upsaliensis LMG8850; lane 4, C. fetus ATCC27374; lane 5, C. hyointestinalis ATCC35217; lane 6, C. sputrum bv. sputorum LMG7975; lane 7, C. sputorum bv. fecalis LMG8531; lane 8, C. concisus LMG7789; lane 9, C. curvus LMG7609.

Figure 2.

Figure 2

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Sequence alignment analysis in the helix 25 within 23S rRNA gene sequences from Campylobacter isolates. Numbers at the left and right refer to the nucleotide positions determined in the present study. Dots indicate identical bases; changes are explicitly indicated: dashes are deletions; identical positions in all cases are marked by asterisks. Nucleotide sequence data in the helix 25 region within the rrnB operon from the Escherichia coli strain (J01695), identified to lack IVSs, were also aligned for comparison. C. sp, C. sputorum

IVSs in the helix 45 region

Then, we carried out PCR amplification of the IVSs, in the central region (helix 45 region) within 23S rRNA gene sequences with the 204 Campylobacter isolates, using the primer pair f-/r-Cl23h45. Some examples of the PCR amplicons are shown in Fig. 3. Following sequencing and alignment analyses, in the helix 45 region, 30 C. hyointestinalis, fourteen C. sputorum biovar sputorum, biovar fecalis and paraureolyticus and 10 C. concisus isolates were shown not to carry any IVSs. In addition, however, regarding the other Campylobacter organisms examined in the present study, 30 of 56 C. jejuni (54%), 5 of 11 C. coli (45%), 25 of 33 C. fetus (76%), 30 of 43 C. upsaliensis (70%) and 6 of 7 C. curvus (86%) isolates were shown to carry the IVSs in the helix 45 region. Some of the sequence data of the IVSs in the helix 45 region were aligned in Fig. 4. Regarding the IVS sequences in the helix 45 region, four IVSs with similar sequences occurred in the C. jejuni and C. upsaliensis species, respectively, and two also in the C. curvus isolates (Fig. 4 and Table 1). In addition, one kind of IVS with an identical sequence occurred in the C. coli and C. fetus isolates, respectively (Fig. 4), Moreover, the eight IVSs in the C. jejuni and C. upsaliensis isolates showed high sequence similarities to each other (~90%), and one kind of IVS in the C. jejuni and C. coli showed an identical sequence (Fig. 4). Four kinds of IVSs in the C. upsaliensis isolates, interestingly, carried two characteristic insertion sequences of several base pairs (bp) and twenty and several bp at the two positions (Fig. 4). In C. jejuni (isolates nos. HP5075 and HP5095) and C. upsaliensis (26-4 and 40-1), two different kinds of the 23S rRNA genes were identified to occur with and without the IVS in the helix 45 region. Moreover, multiple and heterogeneous IVSs were shown in C. upsaliensis 48-1 and 68-3 isolates, respectively. Consequently, identification of the IVSs within the 23S rRNA genes from the 207 Campylobacter isolates is summarized in the Table 1.

Figure 3.

Figure 3

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Electrophoretic profiles of PCR products amplified with Campylobacter isolates using a primer pair of f-/r-Cl23h45. For lane M and lane 1 to 9, see the legend to the Figure 1.

Figure 4.

Figure 4

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Sequence alignment analysis in the helix 45 within 23S rRNA gene sequences from Campylobacter isolates. C. je, C. jejuni;C. co, C. coli;C. up, C. upsaliensis;C. fe, C. fetus;C. cu, C. curvus. C. je IVSA, 86-375; B, 85-3; C, HP5090; D, HP5100; C. co, 27; C. up IVSA, G1104; B, 60-1; C, 2; D, 15; C. fe, cf2-1; C. cu IVSA, LMG7610; B, LMG11033.

Table 1.

IVSs within 23S rRNA genes from Campylobacter organisms analyzed in the present study

Organism Isolate IVS name Accession No.
C. sputorum LMG7975 C. sp IVS AB491949
C. sputorum LMG8535 C. sp no IVS AB491950
C. jejuni 86-375 C. je IVSA AB491951
C. jejuni 85-3 C. je IVSB AB491952
C. jejuni HP5090 C. je IVSC AB491953
C. jejuni HP5100 C. je IVSD AB491954
C. coli 27 C. co IVS AB491955
C. upsaliensis G1104 C. up IVSA AB491956
C. upsaliensis 60-1 C. up IVSB AB491957
C. upsaliensis 2 C. up IVSC AB491958
C. upsaliensis 15 C. up IVSD AB491959
C. fetus cf2-1 C. fe IVS AB491960
C. curvus LMG7610 C. cu IVSA AB491961
C. curvus LMG11033 C. cu IVSB AB491962
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Secondary structure models of the IVSs

Regarding the IVSs identified in the present study, within the 23S rRNA gene sequences from the Campylobacter isolates examined, secondary structure models were constructed with all the IVSs shown in Table 1. Fig. 5 and 6 show some examples of the secondary structure models of the IVSs in helix 25 (the first quarter; Fig. 5) and helix 45 (central; Fig. 6) regions. In the present models, stem and loop structures were identified in all IVSs.

Figure 5.

Figure 5

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Secondary structures of IVSs in the helix 25 region from C. sputorum biovar sputorum LMG7975. Some details of the IVSs were shown in Table 1. Secondary structure predictions were obtained using the mfold server available at bioinfo's home page.

Figure 6.

Figure 6

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Secondary structures of IVSs in the helix 45 region from Campylobacter isolates. For other details, refer to legend to Figure 4.

Gel electrophoresis of purified RNA

Denaturing agarose gel electrophoresis profiles of purified RNA from the Campylobacter isolates was carried out to clarify if the primary RNA transcripts of 23S rRNA were fragmented in the isolates or not. Purified RNA from E. coli DH5α cells, identified to lack IVSs, was also employed as a reference marker (lane 1 in Fig. 7). In the purified RNA fraction from the isolates of C. sputorum biovar sputorum LMG7975 (lane 2), whose 23S rRNA gene(s) was demonstrated to carry IVSs in the helix 25, no 23S rRNA was evident in the fraction (Fig. 7A). Instead of the 23S rRNA, other smaller RNA fragments were identified (lane 2 in Fig. 7A). Regarding the C. sputorum biovar fecalis LMG8531, two large rRNA bands consisting of an intact and a fragmented 23S rRNAs, were identified to occur in the isolate (lane 3). Some other examples of 23S rRNAs whose genes were identified not to carry IVSs in the helix 25 region, are also shown in the Figure. (lanes 4, 5, 6, 8, 9 and 10 in Fig. 7A). Thus, intact 23S rRNAs were identified in Campylobacter isolates containing no IVSs in the helix 25 region. In addition, in Fig. 7B, some of the denaturing agarose gel electrophoresis profiles of purified RNA from the Campylobacter isolates, whose helix 45 regions were examined, are shown. No 23S rRNA and fragmented other smaller RNA fragments were evident in the some purified RNA fractions, and intact 23S rRNAs were evident in other RNA fractions.

Figure 7.

Figure 7

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Electrophoretic profiles of purified RNA from the Campylobacter isolates containing IVSs. In the helix 25 (A) and 45 (B) regions within 23S rRNA genes. Purified RNA from E. coli DH5α was employed as a reference marker (lane 1). (A) Lane 2, C. sputorum bv. sputorum LMG7975; lane 3, bv. fecalis LMG 8531; lane 4, bv. fecalis LMG 11761; lane 5, C. coli NCTC11366; lane 6, C. upsaliensis 12-1; lane 7, C. fetus 8414c; lane 8, C. hyointestinalis ATCC35217; lane 9, C. concisus LMG 7789; lane 10, C. curvus LMG13935. (B) Lane 2, C. jejuni 81-176; lane 3, C. coli 165; lane 4, C. upsaliensis LMG8850; lane 5, C. fetus ATCC27374; lane 6, C. curvus LMG 7609; lane 7, C. upsaliensis 12-1; lane 8, C. fetus 8414c; lane 9. C. hyointestinalis ATCC35217.

In relation to the 16S rRNA molecules from the four isolates of C. sputorum biovar sputorum LMG7975 (lane 2), biovar fecalis LMG8531 (lane 3) and LMG11763 (lane 4 in Fig. 7A) and C. curvus LMG7609 (lane 6 in Fig. 7B), surprisingly, slightly shorter RNAs than the 16S were identified in these isolates, instead of the 16S rRNA species.

Discussion

We have already shown no IVSs, in the helix 25 regions within the 23S rRNA genes among a total of 65 isolates of C. lari [n = 27 UN C. lari; n = 38 UPTC [22]. Consequently, in 265 isolates of 269 Campylobacter isolates of the nine species (n = 56 C. jejuni; n = 11 C. coli; n = 33 C. fetus: n = 65 C. lari; n = 43 C. upsaliensis; n = 30 C. hyointestinalis; n = 14 C. sputorum; n = 10 C. concisus; n = 7 C. curvus) examined, the absence of IVSs was identified in helix 25 region within 23S rRNA genes. Moreover, until now, no IVSs have been identified in the helix 25 region within 23S rRNA genes, from more than 100 Campylobacter isolates of the 8 species (C. jejuni, C. fetus, C. upsaliensis, C. coli, C. lari, C. concisus, C. hyointestinalis, C. mucosalis) by other research groups [17-20]. Thus, IVS is extremely rare in the helix 25 region within the 23S rRNA genes from the Campylobacter organisms. Therefore, this is the first scientifically significant report of IVSs in the helix 25 from C. sputorum biovar sputorum and biovar fecalis among Campylobacter organisms. In addition, no IVSs have been identified to occur in the helix 45 from C. sputorum strains (C. sputorum biovar bubulus, biovar fecalis and biovar sputorum) [17]. Regarding the 23S rRNA, however, fragments smaller than intact 23S rRNA were visible on the gel for C. sputorum biovar bubulus and fecalis strains by using a northern blot hybridization analysis [17].

In relation to the IVSs in the helix 45 from the C. jejuni and C. coli isolates, a total of 149 isolates (n = 32 C. jejuni; n = 117 C. coli) have already been examined [17-20]. In the two major and typical C. jejuni and C. coli species of Campylobacter, IVSs occur in helix 45 at high percent degree (59% for C. jejuni n = 32; 84% for C. coli n = 117) [2,6,19,20]. In the present study, the occurrence of IVSs with the two typical Campylobacter species, were shown in helix 45 region at a high similar percentage (54% for C. jejeuni n = 56; 45% for C. coli n = 11), as shown in Table 2. In addition, IVSs have already been shown to occur in the helix 45 region for only a few other Campylobacter species, than the typical C. jejuni and C. coli (n = 2 C. upsaliensis; n = 2 C. fetus; n = 1 C. concisus; n = 1 C. hyointestinalis; n = 1 C. mucosalis; n = 3 C. sputorum), three IVSs being identified to occur in C. fetus and in C. upsaliensis [17]. At present, we identified the majority (62/83) of isolates from the three Campylobacter species of C. fetus, C. upsaliensis and C. curvus to carry IVSs in helix 45 within 23S rRNA genes. However, in a total of 54 isolates of the three Campylobacter species of C. hyointestinalis (n = 30), C. sputorum (n = 14) and C. concisus (n = 10), no IVSs were identified in helix 45 region, as shown in Table 2. These are also scientifically significant observations. Thus, in conclusion, no IVSs were identified in 105 isolates of three Campylobacter species (C. hyointestinalis, C. concisus and C. lari) both in the 25 and 45 helix regions within the 23S rRNA genes.

Table 2.

Summary of identification of IVSs within 23S rRNA genes from Campylobacter organisms analyzed in the presen study

Campylobacter species IVS in helix 25 IVS in helix 45
C. jejuni (n = 56) 0 30
C. coli (n = 11) 0 5
C. fetus (n = 33) 0 25
C. upsaliensis (n = 43) 0 30
C. hyointestinalis (n = 30) 0 0
C. sputorum biovar sputorum (n = 4) 1 0
C. sputorum biovar fecalis (n = 5) 3 0
C. sputorum biovar paraureolyticus (n = 5) 0 0
C. concisus (n = 10) 0 0
C. curvus (n = 7) 0 6
C. lari (n = 65) 0 0
Total (n = 269) 4 96
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Overall, in the present study, two different kinds of the 23S rRNA genes with and without the IVSs occurred in the seven Campylobacter isolates (n = 3 C. sputorum biovar fecalis; n = 2 C. jejuni; n = 2 C. upsaliensis) (data not shown).

In addition, in the present study, electrophoretic profiles of the purified RNA from Campylobacter organisms were examined. In the purified RNA fractions of some isolates from C. sputorum and C. curvus, slightly shorter 16S rRNA were identified to occur (lanes 2, 3 and 4 in Fig. 7A and lane 6 in Fig. 7B), as described above. These may be partially due to occurrence of IVS within the 16S rRNA genes from these isolates and fragmentation of the primary 16S rRNA transcripts among these isolates. However, we have not clarified the nature of the 16S rRNA genes from these isolates, yet. Therefore, sequencing and alignment analyses of the complete 16S rRNA genes from these isolates are needed to identify the nature of the rRNA from these two Campylobacter species. Research to examine this is now in progress.

Conclusions

Consequently, in 267 isolates of 269 Campylobacter isolates of the nine species (n = 56 C. jejuni; n = 11 C. coli; n = 33 C. fetus: n = 65 C. lari; n = 43 C. upsaliensis; n = 30 C. hyointestinalis; n = 14 C. sputorum; n = 10 C. concisus; n = 7 C. curvus) examined, the absence of IVSs was identified in helix 25 region within 23S rRNA genes. Thus, IVS is extremely rare in the helix 25 region within the 23S rRNA genes from the Campylobacter organisms.

The occurrence of IVSs with the two typical Campylobacter species, were shown in helix 45 region at a high percentage (54% for C. jejeuni n = 56; 45% for C. coli n = 11). We also identified the majority (62/83) of isolates from the three Campylobacter species of C. fetus, C. upsaliensis and C. curvus to carry IVSs in helix 45. However, in a total of 54 isolates of the three species of C. hyointestinalis (n = 30), C. sputorum (n = 14) and C. concisus (n = 10), no IVSs were identified in the region.

Thus, in conclusion, no IVSs were identified in 105 isolates of three Campylobacter species (C. hyointestinalis, C. concisus and C. lari) both in the 25 and 45 helix regions. In addition, intact 23S rRNAs were identified in the purified RNA fractions in Campylobacter isolates containing no IVSs, and no 23S rRNA and fragmented other smaller RNA fragments were evident in the isolates containing IVSs.

Methods

Campylobacter isolates and genomic DNA preparation

A total of 204 Campylobacter isolates [C. jejuni (n = 56); C. coli (n = 11); C. fetus (n = 33) C. upsaliensis (n = 43); C. hyointestinalis (n = 30); C. sputorum biovar sputorum (n = 4); biovar fecalis (n = 5); biovar paraureolyticus (n = 5); C. concisus (n = 10); C. curvus (n = 7)] were used in the present study (Table 2). Genomic DNA was prepared from Campylobacter cells by cethyltrimethyl ammonium bromide and proteinase K treatments, phenol-chloroform extraction and ethanol precipitation [23].

PCR amplification, cloning and sequencing

We have already designed two PCR primer pairs, f-/r-Cl23h25, constructed to amplify helix 25 region and f-/r-Cl23h45, helix 45 region within the 23S rRNA gene sequences, based on the 23S rRNA gene sequence information from 12 UPTC isolates (DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank accsssion numbers, AB287301-AB287312), C. jejuni TGH9011 (Z29326) and C. coli VC167 (U09611) (Fig. 8) [22].

Figure 8.

Figure 8

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A schematic representation of a 23S rRNA gene including two helix regions. Arrows indicate primer site for PCR amplification (A). Sequences of oligonucleotide primers used in the present study (B). ISR, internal spacer region.

PCR products, separated by 1% (w/v) agarose gel electrophoresis in 0.5× TBE, were purified with QIAquick PCR Purification Kit (QIAGEN, Tokyo, Japan). The purified amplicons were subjected to cycle sequencing with BigDye Terminator (Applied Biosystems, Tokyo, Japan) and with the PCR primers (f-/r-Cl23h25 or f-/r-Cl23h45) and the reaction products were separated and detected with an ABI PRIM™ 3100 Genetic analyzer (Applied Biosystems). When any multiple IVSs were suggested to occur from the cycle sequencing profiles, the purified amplicons were then cloned into pGEM-T vector (Promega Corp. Tokyo, Japan) and the ligated recombinant DNA was transformed into competent Escherichia coli JM109 cells, [23]. Following the nucleotide sequencing reaction with M13, sequencing of the amplicons was performed with Hitachi SQ5500EL DNA autosequencer (Hitachi Electronics Engineering Co., Tokyo, Japan).

Nucleotide sequence analysis

Nucleotide sequence analysis was carried out by using the GENETYX-Windows computer software (version 9; GENETYX Co., Tokyo, Japan). Nucleotide sequences of the helix 25 and 45 regions within the 23S rRNA gene sequences from the isolates of campylobacters were compared to each other and with the accessible sequence data from other campylobacters using CLUSTAL W software, respectively (1.7 program) [24], which was incorporated in the DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank databases. The sequence data of the IVSs determined in the present study are accessible in the DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank under accession numbers shown in Table 1.

Secondary structure predictions

Secondary structure predictions of the IVSs in the helix 25 and 45 within 23S rRNA genes from Campylobacter isolates were obtained by using the mfold server available at bioinfo's home page http://www.bioinfo.rpi.edu/applications/mfold/rna/forml.cgi.

Total cellular RNA extraction and RNA gel electrophoresis

Total cellular RNA was extracted and purified from Campylobacter cells by using RNAprotect Bacteria Reagent and RNeasy Mini Kit (QIAGEN). RNAs were analyzed by denaturing 1% (w/v) agarose gel electrophoresis in 1% (w/v) MOPS (3-morpholinopropanesulfonic acid) containing 2% (w/v) formaldehyde after heat denaturation of the total RNA at 65°C for 15 min. RNAs were visualized by ethidium bromide staining.

List of abbreviations used

C: Campylobacter; IVS: intervening sequence; rRNA: ribosomal RNA; E. coli: Escherichia coli.

Authors' contributions

MM participated in design of the study, collected strains, drafted the manuscript and review of the manuscript. AT, and YK were involved with cloning, sequencing and analysis of the rRNA gene sequences from Campylobacter strains. NM also collected strains. JEM and BCM participated in its design and coordination, and review of the manuscript. All authors have read and approved the final version of this paper.

Contributor Information

Akihiro Tazumi, Email: de0702@azabu-u.ac.jp.

Yuki Kakinuma, Email: molbio0704@yahoo.co.jp.

Naoaki Misawa, Email: a0d90lu@cc.miyazaki-u.ac.jp.

John E Moore, Email: j.moore1@ulster.ac.uk.

Beverley C Millar, Email: bcmillar@niphl.dnet.co.uk.

Motoo Matsuda, Email: matsuda@azabu-u.ac.jp.

Acknowledgements

This research was partially supported by The Promotion and Mutual Aid Corporation for Private Schools of Japan, Grant-in-Aid for Matching Fund Subsidy for Private Universities and by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C) (no. 20580346) from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan (to MM). This study was also partially supported by a project grant (Start Up Support for the Matching Fund Subsidy for Private Universities, 2007-2008) awarded by the Azabu University Research Services Division. MM and JEM were funded through a Great Britain Sasakawa Foundation (Butterfield) Award to examine the clinical significance of Campylobacter infection in the UK and Japan.

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