Abstract
The antimicrobial action of .NO against Cryptococcus neoformans was investigated by using imidazolineoxyl N-oxide, which we recently reported removes .NO via oxidation (T. Akaike, M. Yoshida, Y. Miyamoto, K. Sato, M. Kohno, K. Sasamoto, K. Miyazaki, S. Ueda, and H. Maeda, Biochemistry 32:827-832, 1993). No appreciable fungicidal activity was observed in neutral .NO solutions. Imidazolineoxyl N-oxide induced or enhanced fungicidal action in neutral or acidic .NO solutions, respectively. Our results provide convincing evidence that .NO is not a microbicidal molecular species.
Full text
PDF![3552](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/dba1/281039/99907126fa65/iai00020-0460.png)
![3553](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/dba1/281039/00df8ccca4e5/iai00020-0461.png)
![3554](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/dba1/281039/8dbf2961e5f9/iai00020-0462.png)
![3555](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/dba1/281039/101e998122eb/iai00020-0463.png)
Selected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- Akaike T., Sato K., Ijiri S., Miyamoto Y., Kohno M., Ando M., Maeda H. Bactericidal activity of alkyl peroxyl radicals generated by heme-iron-catalyzed decomposition of organic peroxides. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1992 Apr;294(1):55–63. doi: 10.1016/0003-9861(92)90136-k. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Akaike T., Yoshida M., Miyamoto Y., Sato K., Kohno M., Sasamoto K., Miyazaki K., Ueda S., Maeda H. Antagonistic action of imidazolineoxyl N-oxides against endothelium-derived relaxing factor/.NO through a radical reaction. Biochemistry. 1993 Jan 26;32(3):827–832. doi: 10.1021/bi00054a013. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Alspaugh J. A., Granger D. L. Inhibition of Cryptococcus neoformans replication by nitrogen oxides supports the role of these molecules as effectors of macrophage-mediated cytostasis. Infect Immun. 1991 Jul;59(7):2291–2296. doi: 10.1128/iai.59.7.2291-2296.1991. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- CASTELLANI A. G., NIVEN C. F., Jr Factors affecting the bacteriostatic action of sodium nitrite. Appl Microbiol. 1955 May;3(3):154–159. doi: 10.1128/am.3.3.154-159.1955. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Chan J., Xing Y., Magliozzo R. S., Bloom B. R. Killing of virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis by reactive nitrogen intermediates produced by activated murine macrophages. J Exp Med. 1992 Apr 1;175(4):1111–1122. doi: 10.1084/jem.175.4.1111. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Curran R. D., Ferrari F. K., Kispert P. H., Stadler J., Stuehr D. J., Simmons R. L., Billiar T. R. Nitric oxide and nitric oxide-generating compounds inhibit hepatocyte protein synthesis. FASEB J. 1991 Apr;5(7):2085–2092. doi: 10.1096/fasebj.5.7.1707021. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Drapier J. C., Hibbs J. B., Jr Murine cytotoxic activated macrophages inhibit aconitase in tumor cells. Inhibition involves the iron-sulfur prosthetic group and is reversible. J Clin Invest. 1986 Sep;78(3):790–797. doi: 10.1172/JCI112642. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Granger D. L., Hibbs J. B., Jr, Perfect J. R., Durack D. T. Metabolic fate of L-arginine in relation to microbiostatic capability of murine macrophages. J Clin Invest. 1990 Jan;85(1):264–273. doi: 10.1172/JCI114422. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ignarro L. J. Biosynthesis and metabolism of endothelium-derived nitric oxide. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 1990;30:535–560. doi: 10.1146/annurev.pa.30.040190.002535. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Koppenol W. H., Moreno J. J., Pryor W. A., Ischiropoulos H., Beckman J. S. Peroxynitrite, a cloaked oxidant formed by nitric oxide and superoxide. Chem Res Toxicol. 1992 Nov-Dec;5(6):834–842. doi: 10.1021/tx00030a017. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kosaka H., Oda Y., Uozumi M. Induction of umuC gene expression by nitrogen dioxide in Salmonella typhimurium. Mutat Res. 1985 Mar;142(3):99–102. doi: 10.1016/0165-7992(85)90047-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kosaka H., Yamamoto K., Oda Y., Uozumi M. Induction of SOS functions by nitrogen dioxide in Escherichia coli with different DNA-repair capacities. Mutat Res. 1986 Aug;162(1):1–5. doi: 10.1016/0027-5107(86)90065-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- L-arginine-derived nitric oxide and the cell-mediated immune response. 39th Forum in Immunology. Res Immunol. 1991 Sep;142(7):551–602. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lepoivre M., Flaman J. M., Henry Y. Early loss of the tyrosyl radical in ribonucleotide reductase of adenocarcinoma cells producing nitric oxide. J Biol Chem. 1992 Nov 15;267(32):22994–23000. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Levitz S. M., DiBenedetto D. J. Differential stimulation of murine resident peritoneal cells by selectively opsonized encapsulated and acapsular Cryptococcus neoformans. Infect Immun. 1988 Oct;56(10):2544–2551. doi: 10.1128/iai.56.10.2544-2551.1988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Marletta M. A., Yoon P. S., Iyengar R., Leaf C. D., Wishnok J. S. Macrophage oxidation of L-arginine to nitrite and nitrate: nitric oxide is an intermediate. Biochemistry. 1988 Nov 29;27(24):8706–8711. doi: 10.1021/bi00424a003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Moreno J. J., Pryor W. A. Inactivation of alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor by peroxynitrite. Chem Res Toxicol. 1992 May-Jun;5(3):425–431. doi: 10.1021/tx00027a017. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Rockett K. A., Awburn M. M., Cowden W. B., Clark I. A. Killing of Plasmodium falciparum in vitro by nitric oxide derivatives. Infect Immun. 1991 Sep;59(9):3280–3283. doi: 10.1128/iai.59.9.3280-3283.1991. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- SHANK J. L., SILLIKER J. H., HARPER R. H. The effect of nitric oxide on bacteria. Appl Microbiol. 1962 May;10:185–189. doi: 10.1128/am.10.3.185-189.1962. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Stamler J. S., Singel D. J., Loscalzo J. Biochemistry of nitric oxide and its redox-activated forms. Science. 1992 Dec 18;258(5090):1898–1902. doi: 10.1126/science.1281928. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Stuehr D. J., Nathan C. F. Nitric oxide. A macrophage product responsible for cytostasis and respiratory inhibition in tumor target cells. J Exp Med. 1989 May 1;169(5):1543–1555. doi: 10.1084/jem.169.5.1543. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Zhu L., Gunn C., Beckman J. S. Bactericidal activity of peroxynitrite. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1992 Nov 1;298(2):452–457. doi: 10.1016/0003-9861(92)90434-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]